Diversity in the Early Childhood Classroom Essay

Diversity encompasses all of the differences that people possess as humans. It includes differences in race, language, gender, socio-economic status, ethnicity, nationality, abilities, exceptionalities, and geographical placement. Diversity consists of a quality that make individuals dissimilar and that brings to the classroom individuals existence experiences, abilities, talents, character traits, and preferences that enhance individuals being (Pearson, 2000). Children’s individual interests and capabilities, racial and cultural differences, age and gender difference and language differences play a part in classroom diversity. Diversity should be taught starting in the Early Childhood classrooms. The concept of diversity of the early childhood classroom includes the perspectives of multiculturalism and non sexist and antibias education. The classroom differences can also include the social realities that affect children and communities, including availability of economic resources, access to technology, and health and safety concerns. Another full and active participate in diversity are children with disabilities. In a number of the school settings today you can find a growing number of special needs children. These children have disabilities ranging from hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder, speech and language difficulties, blindness, deafness, mental retardation, and physical impairments. The Americans with Disabilities Act has better equipped society to meet the needs and challenges of special needs children, yet many teachers have little to no special training to deal with these students. The challenge of implementing training and proper classroom settings for special needs students falls on the fact that the school administrators and teachers encounter financial, cultural, and social obstacles. The many different problems that fall underneath the diversity category are growing each year and are becoming a growing factor for early childhood education. Teachers can help with diversity by bringing the positive side of it into the classroom. There are curriculums available that support diversity. Teachers should include classroom materials from many cultures that reflect the diversity within specific cultures as well as other cultures. Books should be chosen that reflect diversity. Teachers should choose books from many cultures to read to your children. Children should be able to see faces similar to theirs in  the books that are shared with them. Books should be examined for authenticity and true portrayals of diverse individuals and groups. Include diverse individuals in wall and room decorations. When children see themselves reflected in classroom materials, they understand that who they are is valued, accepted and deemed important. This simple act can make the difference in how well children are motivated to learn. Teachers should use language with children that demonstrate an acceptance of all cultures. Teacher’s word choices indicate acceptance of and often determine behavior in children. Teachers choose words carefully and avoid those that would convey a negative connotation when none is intended (Faber & Mazlish, 1999). Life is given to words when individuals speak them, and children usually try to live up to adults’ characterizations of them. Teachers can expect the best from all children and communicate that expectation to them in positive and motivating ways. Teachers should consider field trips that are taken and who the guest speakers are. If all field trips are reflective of one culture, students never have an opportunity to see themselves or individuals in their communities as something of value. Teachers can get guest speakers that represent as many diverse individuals as possible. When all speakers come from one group, the message sent to children is that individuals from their particular group have little to share with them. Teachers can look at cultural celebrations and when they are celebrated. Contributions of many cultures should be shared throughout the year and not only at specified times during the year. Each culture has its own beliefs, customs, rituals, religions, and business and academic achievements that make it both unique and great. Celebrate them. Teachers should challenge themselves to learn as much as they can about the children they teach. For many, this may mean moving outside of their comfort zones and exploring different ways of living. This knowledge helps to locate a point of identification with the student and will facilitate teaching and learning. Knowledge about children’s home lives and the ways in which they are being acculturated in this society can help a teacher be more effective in classroom instruction (Greenberg, 2002). This knowledge may also serve as a source of enrichment and enlightenment for all children. Good teachers claim that they do not see color in their classrooms. Teachers should plan to include on a regular basis topics that challenge yourself to think beyond your own way of living. Teachers should choose and encourage reading materials that will better prepare you other teachers and childcare workers to interact with a variety of individuals. These materials can serve as a common experience for them to draw upon in discussions at faculty and staff meetings. Through these discussions, teachers should feel free and open to discuss their own previously held biases and examine ways in which they can become more knowledgeable and accepting of diverse individuals. Choose to include professional faculty and staff of diverse backgrounds when hiring for various positions. It is not enough to talk about valuing diversity and then continue to hire only from within a certain group. Truly understanding diversity means that biases rooted in stereotypes have no place within the work environment. It also means that talents and abilities are recognized in all. Once hired, these individuals should have equal consideration for promotions within the organization. Teachers should establish positive relationships with diverse parents by communicating in ways that make them feel comfortable and accepted. Teachers need to use language that is plain, simple, and easily understood. Open and clear communication is the key in parent interactions. If there is a language barrier get the aid of someone who speaks that language. Learn as much as possible about the family language and culture and include appropriate aspects of that information in classroom instruction. Teachers should invite parents to their classroom to share various aspects of their lives with your children. Allowing them to share information and experiences will send a clear message to all that you value their differences and view them as an asset for your learning community. Their sharing will broaden and deepen mutual understandings with you, the family, and the child. Teachers need to respond to parents’ needs and concerns in an equitable manner, making sure that all voices are heard and not merely those with which you agree or those with which you are most familiar or comfortable. Teachers can choose to show parents that they are an important member of the team that is responsible for educating their child. Children are like little sponges that soak up everything that they hear and see. Children are around two or three years old when they begin to notice the difference among people. Children notice things like being short or tall, long hair or short hair, light skin or dark skin and different eye color. The way that children deal with the changes between people is influenced by what they see and hear at home (Williams, 1972). When the adults at home are speaking out loud about their bias opinions children hear that. The children then think that the adults are right and tend to form the same opinions. For some adults, biased statements are unintentional. The smallest things can spark this including gender statements, â€Å"Tommy, boys don’t play with dolls, they play with trucks. † This is implying that boys should play with boy things and girls should play with girl things. Adults should embrace the fact that boys want to play with dolls and look at it in the way of the child will grow to be a good father. The things people say can be the accelerator for children’s intolerance for certain groups of people or the underlying cause of children’s acceptance of individuals. Children will have a natural curiosity about the differences between themselves and others. This curiosity isn’t yet linked to any positive or negative thoughts about different groups of people (Williams, 2008). Teachers should consider when speaking to children to keep the child’s age and developmental stage in mind. Teachers should use words and descriptions they can understand. If a child asks â€Å"Why are Ming’s eyes funny? † you can respond by saying, â€Å"Ming’s eyes look different because different people have different shape eyes. Ming’s parents are Chinese and many Chinese people have eyes shaped like hers. Eyes can have many different shapes and can look different† (Kupetz, 2008). This type of response shows the child a clear answer that acknowledges the difference and clearly explains it to the child. Successful home-school relations and interactions are essential for positive learning experiences for children and their families. These interactions often determine the level of support that teachers and other professionals receive from parents. Positive home school relations are deeply rooted in teachers’ and parents’ willingness to step outside of their own comfort zones and to try to accept and respect the differences of others. Valuing diversity simply means that people are comfortable with who others are as individuals and are able to accept and appreciate the differences of ourselves and of others. Through valuing diversity, people learn to expect, respect and accept differences from others. By accepting the differences of others, people openly acknowledge and affirm the validity of those differences. Adults understand that all people have a heritage and that heritage is rooted in beliefs, customs and behaviors that shape who individuals are. Through acceptance, people learn to listen to every voice with the same level of interest until each voice is heard and every story is told. Teachers’ demonstration of how they respect differences in others is shown in how they respond to the difference they display. The varying perspectives that individuals bring to the classroom learning environments are assets in effective decision making, teaching and learning. Diversity in the early childhood classroom will teach the children at a young age how to accept each other. Teaching children what diversity is in the early childhood classroom will stick with them throughout their life. Teaching children at a young age how to respect one another will help the future of the world. There is so much hate in the world today. In the news you see children committing suicides over bullying. The community would love to see the future full of understanding that everyone is different and that it is accepted. Teachers want the children of the future to not be involved in hate crimes and by teaching them at an early childhood age the morals of acceptance just might be installed in their minds and hearts. References Faber, A. , & Mazlish, E. (1999). How to Talk So Kids Will Listen & Listen So Kids Will Talk. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks. Greenberg, P. (Ed. ). (2002, October). Bringing Home Into The Classroom. Retrieved from http://www2. scholastic. com/browse/article. jsp? id=3746853 Kupetz, B. , Ed. D. (2008). Do You See What I See? Appreciating Diversity in Early Childhood Settings. In Earlychildhood News The Professional Resource for Teachers and Parents [Diversity in Early Childhood Settings]. Retrieved from http://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/ article_view. aspx? ArticleId=147 Pearson, C. (2000, January/February). Diversity in the Early Childhood Classroom. The Fountain, (29), 1. Retrieved from http://www. fountainmagazine. com/article. php? ARTICLEID=642 Williams, D. (1972). The Preschool Years, Ages 2-5. In Beyond the Golden Rule (pp. 11-19). Retrieved from http://www. tolerance. org/sites/default/files/ general/beyond_golden_rule. pdf.

Teen’s Alcohol Abuse

The study aims to identify the factors influencing alcohol abuse among teenagers whose age range from 13 to 19 years. Stratified random sampling will be applied, with samples coming from across the state to ensure the heterogeneity of the sample in terms of the variables being studied.Stratified random sampling is done by dividing the population into strata, in this case by the towns the respondents currently reside, then by employing simple random sampling from each stratum (or town) (Johnston, B., and Christensen, L., 2000).The target number of sample will be set at 10% of the 13-19 year old population in each town (rural or urban). A possible barrier to achieving this set number of sample however is the difficulty in achieving this huge target due to the limited time and financial resources.A solution seen to overcome this barrier is through the use of the internet and sending of electronic mails to reach the respondents. The use of this type of method of data gathering may possib ly cause risks in the validity of the answers given by the respondents. Confusion on the part of the respondents may take place, and the researcher may not be available at all times to attend to clarifications. In order for this threat to be avoided, the survey questions have been constructed to be simple and concise.This sample is said to be representative of the population because of the randomization that has been done to assure that the sample is composed of individuals who are not in any way homogenized in one or more traits or characteristics being studied.The survey tool used is a 13-item questionnaire with open-ended and closed-ended questions. Possible answers which are mutually exclusive have been constructed. Should the answer not be found in the list of answers, then the sample may choose to state his response.The survey tool and variables measuredThe variables are demographic in nature such as age, and several socio-cultural variables such as the individuals the respond ent is currently living with, annual family income, the drinking history of the parents, attitude of the parents towards alcohol, and the respondent’s experience in witnessing violence and the frequency of witnessing this violence. Behavioral and attitudinal characteristics of the respondents will also be measured, such current alcohol intake, frequency of alcohol intake, and history of alcohol abuse, and availability of or accessibility to alcohol.The variable â€Å"age† is defined as the age of the respondent in years at the time of the study. This variable is answered by the second survey question, which is a closed-ended one. Since the level of measurement is ratio, the response to this item will be coded as it is.â€Å"Companion in Residence† is defined as the individual/s (if any) with whom the respondent has live with for the most part of his life. This has been defined in such a manner due to the assumption that should an individual’s beliefs or b ehavior be affected by another individual, this effect is said to be incurred by the person he has lived with longest in his life. Possible responses to this question include parents, relatives or guardians, friends or peers, or none. It is a closed-ended type of survey question.The variable â€Å"annual family income† is defined as the average income in US$ incurred by the family in one year. It will be measured in the fourth survey question which is a closed-ended one. The lowest class of the range has been set at less than $5000, whereas the highest has been set at $65,001 and above. Since the level of measurement is ratio, the response to this item will be coded as it is.The variable â€Å"alcohol drinking† is defined as the respondent’s current behavior towards alcohol, i.e. if he at present drinks or does not drink alcohol. This variable will be measured in the fifth survey question, where the respondent answers â€Å"yes† to indicate that he curren tly drinks alcohol, or a â€Å"no† to indicate that he does not currently drink alcohol. The question is a closed ended one.

Security Monitoring - 1041 Words

Security Monitoring Mobin Bahrami University of Phoenix Information Systems Risk Management CMGT/442 June 22, 2012 Brian Hoff Intro Security monitoring is an important factor in keeping any organization network safe as various attacks are on a rise. A company constantly must practice monitory techniques to keep their data safe. The first step is to scan the internal and external environment and identify information technology risks before they become a problem. The key is to be proactive rather than reactive (Marilyn Greenstein). Different organization consist of many applications that require a certain level of security measures and risk assessment. To determine the associated risks within an organization each application†¦show more content†¦E-commerce applications require critical networks to accommodate video, voice, and data traffic as the numbers of users increase the need for greater performance and support is necessary. As a network in a company enables more applications and are available to more users, the applications become more vulnerable to security threats. To ensure e-commerce trans actions are not compromised security technology play a major role, and there are four categories that must be addressed: * Authentication ensures the safety of the systems and data by blocking access to unauthorized users while allowing users access. * Authorization allows only the user to change or modify within an account. * Encryption prevents third parties from recovering the original information, which cannot be recovered without access to the key. * Auditing keeps a record of operations such as, purchasing a merchandise. Human Resources Human resources are vital resources in any company to succeed business needs and support the employees to meet their objectives. Employees should be trained and motivated by the management team to achieve their potential. The data accessed by HR and management team will have the identity protection such as, username and password to gain access to company system. The level of access by employees will be limited compare to HR and management, which allow associates information to remainShow MoreRelatedSystem Security Monitoring1154 Words   |  5 PagesSystem Security Monitoring UOPX CMGT/442 November 5, 2012 Henry Rivera Jr. Every organization has risks and it is extremely critical for them to identify what these risks are and to mitigate and avoid further damages in case of disastrous events. These disastrous events can be prevented by designing and implementing a robust security monitoring system and utilizing industry proven practices and activities. Information Security refers to safety of information in terms of confidentiality, integrityRead MoreSecurity Systems And Monitoring Fees802 Words   |  4 Pages Safety in any home is a very serious subject.All options should be taken in to consideration. Here are but three security systems to consider, with varied options to suit your personal needs. Skylink SC-100 Security System Deluxe Kit It is the answer to contractual monitoring companies and associated monitoring fees when it comes to home security. It is a 4 zone system with house around 3000 sq. ft. in mind. Apartments, condos, businesses and offices would do well with this system. Rolling orRead MoreCyber Surveillance And Cyber Security Monitoring1021 Words   |  5 Pagesanalytics is used to support computer security, computer or network administration, auditing, and several other application areas.† Implementation Cyber Security Monitoring To perform adaptive cyber-security analytics using a computer implemented method that includes receiving a report on a network activity, It works as follows, a scoring method is used wherein a score responsive to the network activity is calculated. The score indicates a likelihood of security breach. This score is validated andRead MoreEssay about Network Security Monitoring Tools873 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous network security devices and tools available to aid in computer network defense, and these tools are often relied upon for protecting against increasingly sophisticated, stealthy, and damaging attacks. When acting alone, the current generation of security devices has an exceedingly difficult time providing an effective defense against such threats, and the situation is particularly grim for targeted or novel attacks. It has been demonstrated that a number of interoperable systemsRead MoreCyber Security Monitoring And Network Intrusion Detection Systems970 Words   |  4 PagesCyber Security Monitoring To perform adaptive cyber-security analytics using a computer implemented method that includes receiving a report on a network activity, It works as follows, a scoring method is used wherein a score responsive to the network activity is calculated. The score indicates a likelihood of security breach. The score is validated and the scoring model is automatically updated responsive to results of the validating. If the score falls within a threshold value of a security violationRead MoreSecurity Monitoring Activities1074 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will describe the security monitoring activities that should be implemented and carried out in an organization on both internal and e-commerce applications. Managing risk is very crucial and plays an integral part in an organization especially to those that considers data as one of their asset. In this time and age, good risk management is the basis in achieving good business and attaining the company’s goals high ROI (Return On Inve stment). Security monitoring is associated and linkedRead MoreA Brief Note On Risk Management Process And Monitoring Security Controls1828 Words   |  8 Pagesfor their information and information systems with the gains in abilities and enhanced backing of hierarchical mission that result from the utilization of effective security systems. As a component of the risk management process, organizations select and apply security controls for their information and information systems. The security controls are evaluated and monitored to guarantee proceeded with proficiency and adequacy. The Risk Management Framework RMF) comprises of six phases which are actualizedRead MoreWhat Is Security Monitoring?729 Words   |  3 PagesSecurity monitoring of any IT infrastructure is one of the main aims of security professionals; to help avert any imminent security threats that might halt a company’s normal operation. 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The War Against Custom Written Research Paper

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Essay about Nursing Research Critique - 2420 Words

Critique of Article: Effectiveness of integrative and instrumental reminiscence therapies on depression symptoms reduction in institutionalized older adults: An empirical study PA Kaplan University The study â€Å"Effectiveness of integrative and instrumental reminiscence therapies on depression symptoms reduction in institutionalized older adults: An empirical study†, investigates two aspects of reminiscence therapy and the reduction of depression in the elderly. Reminiscence Therapy (RT) was first developed by Butler (1963) as a psychological intervention for older adults; however, research findings regarding its therapeutic utility as inconsistent and inconclusive (Karimia, et al., 2010). Not entirely†¦show more content†¦This statement defines to me that the purpose of this study is to show that integrative and instrumental reminiscence interventions will decrease the depressive symptoms in the older adult population. Literature Review/Theoretical Framework A strong review of the literature is present in the paper. The writers have acknowledged studies that resulted in inconsistent and inconclusive outcomes and the evolvement of the work done in relation to reminiscence therapy by other researchers. According to Karimia, et al. (2010); Watt, Wong and Cappeliez took the first steps toward removing the ambiguity of working with reminiscence by applying a widely accepted taxonomy and focusing on specific aspects within the classification. They noted identifying integrative and instrumental reminiscences as being particularly beneficial for positive adaptation and psychological well-being in older age. While the title of the paper implies this study to be empirical in nature, it seems this information is the theoretical rationale that this study is based upon. The integrative reminiscence process is credited with aiding in the resolution of self worth, conflict resolution and integration of past and present while the instrumental remin iscence process â€Å"involves remembering past plans and goal-directed activities, recalling how one coped with past problems, and drawing from past experience to solve the presentShow MoreRelatedNursing Research Critique1185 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Summary and Ethical Considerations Introduction A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin and/ or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure or pressure in combination with shear and/ or friction. (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2007). It is essential to give education to the patients, family, care givers and health care providers to decrease the pressure ulcer rate. Multiple study about pressure ulcer revealed that pressure ulcer causesRead MoreNursing Research Critique Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH CRITIQUE Research Critique of Adherence to Walking or Stretching, and Risk of Preeclampsia in Sedentary Pregnant Women Ana H. 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The simple principle has to ability to create complexities for a person both on an external and internal level. An example of this is eating disorders, in which a person manipulates the amount of nutrition they may receive, either by denying oneself or over indulging in it. Healthcare workers, inRead MoreEssay Critique of a Nursing Theory1746 Words   |  7 PagesCritique of a Nursing Theory April 30, 2010 Critique of a Nursing Theory This is a critique of Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation principles model. I will be discussing the meaning of the theory of the four principles; conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity. I will be using the criterion-based model (C-BaC) as a focus of the positive aspects of the theory, as outlined by Johnson Webber (JohnsonRead Moreresearch paper - critique2704 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Critique of a Research Article Module Title: Evidence Based Practice and the Community Word Count: 2,159 (excluding reference list) This paper presents a critique of a qualitative research article titled: Perceived support from healthcare practitioners among adults with type 2 diabetes (Oftedal et al, 2010) (appendix 1). To enable the critique of this article the Caldwell critiquing tool (2005) will be utilized. (Appendix 2) Research critiquing is a valuableRead MoreQualitative Critical Appraisal, Attitudes Knowledge and Skills Needed in Mental Health Nursing1941 Words   |  8 PagesI have chosen to critique Rydon’s (2005) article ‘The attitudes, knowledge and skills needed in mental health nurses: The perspective of users of mental health services’ because I am interested in finding out service user’s outlook of mental health nurses. When I qualify as a mental health nurse I would need to acquire the correct attitudes, knowledge and skills as this would make the nursing process more effective, because as McCabe and Timmons (2006) suggest I will be more sensitive to the client’sRead MoreNur518 R7 Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Nc Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Analyze and critique a quantitative nursing research article from a nursing research journal published within the past five years. Include 3 scholarly references—the article, the text, and one outside source. Use the Guidelines for Quantitative Nursing Research Critique to complete the following steps: 1. State the purpose of the study and identify the problem. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often require enteral

Music Appreciation Module Essay Example For Students

Music Appreciation Module Essay Meter a term that music has inherited from the rhythmic element of poetry where it means the number of lines in a verse, the number of syllables in each line and the arrangement of those syllables as long or short, accented or unaccented. X. Accent tone played louder than those near it. Music Appreciation Module 1 By luridness z. Largo very slow, broad AAA. Grave very slow and solemn b. Adagio slow c. Andante moderate (walking) pace d. Moderate moderate e. Allegretto fairly lively and fast if. Allegro fast g. Vice very lively h. Presto very fast it. Proprieties as fast as possible j]. Melody a series of single notes that add up too recognizable whole. K. Legato smooth/connected II. Staccato short/detached mm. Harmony the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other an. Consonance stable, restful chords 00. Dissonance unstable, tense chords up. Chord 3 or more notes sounded at once q. Key central note, chord, scale within a piece r. Tonic the first scale degree of a diatonic scale and the tonal center or final resolution tone. The most significant chord. ss. Half step- smallest interval tradition used in western music TTT. Whole step twice as large as half step u. Modulation change of key w. Monophonic texture single, unaccompanied melody. Unison creates fuller, richer-sounding monophonic texture. Www. Polyphonic texture two or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously. Xx. Homophobic texture one melody with choral accompaniment.

The Great San Francisco Earthquake

Introduction An earthquake is essentially a quiver which resulted by sudden energy release from the earth inner surface. The release of energy causes a ripple of seismic waves that are felt in the form of shaking. The damage caused by an earthquake depends on the magnitude and the length of such earthquake. (U.S. Geological Survey2008, April 22).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great San Francisco Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The length however depends on the size of the wave since the larger the wave the larger the area affected and consequently the longer the period of time taken. Each year the earth experiences up to half a million-earth quakes of which only 100, 000 can be truly felt. The probability of occurrence of an earthquake depends on the nature of the locality as well as its geology. South California alone experiences up to 10000 earthquakes a year. History of earthquakes in San Fra ncisco Earliest reported earthquake in California was felt in 1769 the worst of them all was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. There have been severel other smaller earth quakes that have hal minimal impact and even gone unnoticed. Others which have been of a greater impact Situational analysis and probability of an earthquake in the near future Research has predicted that there exsists a 25% probability of an earth quake with a magnitude of up to 7.0 occuring within the next two decades in sanfrancisco. Based on the historical data as well as computer simulations it has been suggested that there is an even more greater chance that an earthquake of an even greatter magnitude will occur in the next 45 years. The death toll is estimated at a shocking 5,800 deaths if the magnitude is at least 7.0. this means that the value could be higher if the ripple effect is of agreater magnitude(Abercrombie and Brune1994) Sanfrancisco notably lies on the san andreas fault which is considered the most vulnerable to such earth quakes. The last time such an event occured in 1989 it left 66 dead and 3,757 injured. It only lasted fifteen seconds but the damage to property was indisputably large with the San Francisco Oklahoma Bridge collapsing. This damage went to the tune of 6 billion in property damage. The then United States president George bush issued a 3.45 billion package that was to act as relief for the affected. The effect could have been even more grave had there been a tsunamic effect. This would have resulted in flooding of the coastal towns sweeping away their homes and destroying their productive farms. The earth quake would damage the regions leeves bearing an effect similar to that of harricane katrina.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The damage would even be worse after the earth quake as the flood water contaminates the fresh water supply that is mainly supplie d though an over land aquaduct that would cost even more to repair. It is estimated that at least 24,000 homes were damaged and 100000 left homeless after the floods caused by snow melts hit sanfrancisco back in 1997. Up to 50 leeves were damaged (United States Geological Survey 1999, October 15) Even more compelling scientists from the United States geological survey suggest that there is a 70 % chance that at least one or more earthquakes with intensity not less than 6.7 will in the next 30 or so years strike San Francisco bay. This is equated to one that occurred in 1994, which left 57 people dead, and others wounded and caused destruction to the tune of $ 20 billion. (Seismological Society of America, 2008, April 17) General effects of an earthquake Earth quakes are categorized among the top ten most deadly natural disasters. They have the following effects Shaking and ground rupture -This is the single most probable effect of an earth quake. The intensity of the shaking will de pend heavily on the magnitude size as well as the distance from the epicenter. It will also depend on the geology of the area in question. Geological concerns go to the nature of the superficial soils in the subsurface of the earth. Landslides and avalanches -Landslides also bring along volcanic eruptions which may cause serious storms and wild fires. Landslides are specifically dangerous to both the affected and those who make attempts at providing rescue services. Fires –Â  Shaking causes damage to power lines and gas pipe systems which are a remedy to massive fires. The effects of these fires were typically felt in the 1906 San Francisco earth quake. The destruction by fire or any other human motivatied factor such as stampedes accidents and collusions would participate heavily to the increased casualties. These however will depend on the level of awareness of the poplation as well as the preparedness. Soil liquefaction –Â  This is a situation where sand and other granular material owing to the saturation of water temporarily loose strength and dissolve into liquid making the foundations upon which buildings and other rigid structures stand on to become loose causing the building to collapse or tilt. In the Alaskan earth quake the effects of soil liquefaction were immensely felt. This would however e an unlikelyeffect on sanfrancisco due to its geology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great San Francisco Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tsunami – Tsunamis are often mistaken for tidal waves that rock the seas due to oceanic currents. The mechanism behind tsunamis is much more different. A tsunami is essentially caused by unusual sudden movement of water volumes in the open sea. The sudden movements could be caused by an earth quake in the submarine soils as well as landslides Floods -Earth quakes that occur in the open sea cause a tsunami effect that leads to seeping of water from the open sea and into the mainland causing floods. Sanfrancisco would be hardly hit by these floods due to its proximity to the sea.In the mainland they cause destruction of dams and water barriers leading to flooding. Human impacts -Earth quakes have a toll on every aspect of human life. They bring along a death toll besides the destruction caused to the infrastructure. They also cause disease owing to lack of necessities. Financially they lead to high claims for compensation besides the relief costs occurred in resettlement (The Virtual Museum of San Francisco, 2011). Emergency Planning Options. Citizen based approach This a proactive and reactive approach which involves two basic components; Leadership which involves appointment is disaster management managers who will be vetted based on willingness aggression and objectivity and partnership which involves embracing an integrated vision and mission and letting the community be part of the campaign The approach recommends the cooperation between government agencies and the people living in San Francisco. The government formulates a plan that requires the engagement of the people partially or as a whole. Government departments such as the police accept suggestions and receive volunteers who are trained and licensed as local disaster managers. The people are collectively involved in the The strategic approach The approach collects together all available resources and coordinates manages motivates the implementation of the awareness campaign. It encourages the building of an integrated programming system e.g., school based curriculum and emphasizes on capacity building and empowerment Strategy Implications The strategy adopted will among other things require the change of policy to accommodate the budgetary concerns of the implementation process. It will also require cooperation from all participants and interested parties including investors and development partners. The partner ship will help diversify the information platform and increase the level of awareness. The integration of the measures into the various programs such as the school-based curriculum will require training for the implementers who include teachers and administrators. (Interagency Coordinating Committee (ICC) 2008)Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Way forward With the objective of a better disaster management system the government should undertake in research to improve the understanding of the earthquake process its likelihood and impact. It should also develop cost efficient ways of combating the effects on individuals as well as improve the level of resilience in the population. There is a lot of information available in the various sources concerning the effects and consequences of an earthquake. Every citizen should develop a need to know to ensure that they make informed decisions in areas such as construction development and investment References Abercrombie, R.E., and J.N. Brune. (1994). Evidence for a constant b-value above magnitude 0 in the southern San Andreas, San Jacinto and San Miguel fault zones and at the Long Valley caldera. California. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 (15), 1647-1650. Interagency Coordinating Committee (ICC).(2008). Strategic Planfor the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Fiscal Years 200 9–2013. Web. Seismological Society of America. (2008, April 17). New Hazard Estimates Could Downplay Earthquake Dangers. ScienceDaily. Web. The Virtual Museum of San Francisco. (2011). San Francisco Earthquake History 1915-1989. Web. U.S. Geological Survey (2008, April 15). California Has More Than 99% Chance Of A Big Earthquake WIthin 30 Years, Report Shows. ScienceDaily. Web. U.S. Geological Survey. (2008, April 22). Earthquake Hazard Maps Show How U.S. Shakes With Quakes. ScienceDaily. Web. United States Geological Survey. (1999, October 15). 70 Percent Chance That Large Earthquake Will Strike San Francisco By 2030. ScienceDaily. Web. 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