The War Against Custom Written Research Paper

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Essay about Nursing Research Critique - 2420 Words

Critique of Article: Effectiveness of integrative and instrumental reminiscence therapies on depression symptoms reduction in institutionalized older adults: An empirical study PA Kaplan University The study â€Å"Effectiveness of integrative and instrumental reminiscence therapies on depression symptoms reduction in institutionalized older adults: An empirical study†, investigates two aspects of reminiscence therapy and the reduction of depression in the elderly. Reminiscence Therapy (RT) was first developed by Butler (1963) as a psychological intervention for older adults; however, research findings regarding its therapeutic utility as inconsistent and inconclusive (Karimia, et al., 2010). Not entirely†¦show more content†¦This statement defines to me that the purpose of this study is to show that integrative and instrumental reminiscence interventions will decrease the depressive symptoms in the older adult population. Literature Review/Theoretical Framework A strong review of the literature is present in the paper. The writers have acknowledged studies that resulted in inconsistent and inconclusive outcomes and the evolvement of the work done in relation to reminiscence therapy by other researchers. According to Karimia, et al. (2010); Watt, Wong and Cappeliez took the first steps toward removing the ambiguity of working with reminiscence by applying a widely accepted taxonomy and focusing on specific aspects within the classification. They noted identifying integrative and instrumental reminiscences as being particularly beneficial for positive adaptation and psychological well-being in older age. While the title of the paper implies this study to be empirical in nature, it seems this information is the theoretical rationale that this study is based upon. The integrative reminiscence process is credited with aiding in the resolution of self worth, conflict resolution and integration of past and present while the instrumental remin iscence process â€Å"involves remembering past plans and goal-directed activities, recalling how one coped with past problems, and drawing from past experience to solve the presentShow MoreRelatedNursing Research Critique1185 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Summary and Ethical Considerations Introduction A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin and/ or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure or pressure in combination with shear and/ or friction. (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2007). It is essential to give education to the patients, family, care givers and health care providers to decrease the pressure ulcer rate. Multiple study about pressure ulcer revealed that pressure ulcer causesRead MoreNursing Research Critique Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH CRITIQUE Research Critique of Adherence to Walking or Stretching, and Risk of Preeclampsia in Sedentary Pregnant Women Ana H. Corona Western University of Health Sciences CGN 5306: Biostatistics and Epidemiology August 1, 2009 Research Critique of â€Å"Adherence to Walking or Stretching, and Risk of Preeclampsia in Sedentary Pregnant Women† Introduction This paper is to critique a study of adherence to walking or stretching during pregnancy in high risk women who were sedentaryRead MoreQuantitative Research Critique Nursing2020 Words   |  9 Pages Quantitative Research Critique Student’s Name Here â€Æ' Title For the research critique I will be taking nursing research paper with title- A quantitative study of the attitude, knowledge and experience of staff nurses on prioritizing comfort measures in care of the dying patient in an acute hospital setting. As per the title, the variables included in it were nurse staff and dying patients (Bachelor of Nursing Studies, 2011). The population was not mentioned particularly in the title but wasRead MoreEssay on Nursing Research Article Critique 990 Words   |  4 Pagesform new types of interventions in order to give adequate care across a of number of fields within the system. Research then, has been an essential part in providing definitive data, either by disproving previous beliefs or confirming newly found data and methods. Moreover, research in itself contains its own process with a methodological approach. Of the notable methods, quantitative research is often used for its systemic approach (Polit Beck, 2006). Thus, the use of the scien tific method is usedRead MoreEssay on Nursing/Medicine Research Report Critique2299 Words   |  10 PagesCritique of a Research Report: Comparison of Communication Outcomes in Traditional versus Simulation Strategies in Nursing and Medical Students Khaoula Louati University of Athabasca Introduction The purpose of research in nursing and medicine is to acquire knowledge that would improve nursing and medical practices. The research paper that will be critiqued is â€Å"Comparison of Communication Outcomes in Traditional versus Simulation Strategies in Nursing and Medical Students†. The aim of thisRead More Nursing Research Article Critique Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesControl is and has been a pervasive factor in the lives of many across the world, influencing the way research can be conducted or the way people try to maintain a balance in the weight or appearance. The simple principle has to ability to create complexities for a person both on an external and internal level. An example of this is eating disorders, in which a person manipulates the amount of nutrition they may receive, either by denying oneself or over indulging in it. Healthcare workers, inRead MoreEssay Critique of a Nursing Theory1746 Words   |  7 PagesCritique of a Nursing Theory April 30, 2010 Critique of a Nursing Theory This is a critique of Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation principles model. I will be discussing the meaning of the theory of the four principles; conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity. I will be using the criterion-based model (C-BaC) as a focus of the positive aspects of the theory, as outlined by Johnson Webber (JohnsonRead Moreresearch paper - critique2704 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Critique of a Research Article Module Title: Evidence Based Practice and the Community Word Count: 2,159 (excluding reference list) This paper presents a critique of a qualitative research article titled: Perceived support from healthcare practitioners among adults with type 2 diabetes (Oftedal et al, 2010) (appendix 1). To enable the critique of this article the Caldwell critiquing tool (2005) will be utilized. (Appendix 2) Research critiquing is a valuableRead MoreQualitative Critical Appraisal, Attitudes Knowledge and Skills Needed in Mental Health Nursing1941 Words   |  8 PagesI have chosen to critique Rydon’s (2005) article ‘The attitudes, knowledge and skills needed in mental health nurses: The perspective of users of mental health services’ because I am interested in finding out service user’s outlook of mental health nurses. When I qualify as a mental health nurse I would need to acquire the correct attitudes, knowledge and skills as this would make the nursing process more effective, because as McCabe and Timmons (2006) suggest I will be more sensitive to the client’sRead MoreNur518 R7 Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Nc Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Analyze and critique a quantitative nursing research article from a nursing research journal published within the past five years. Include 3 scholarly references—the article, the text, and one outside source. Use the Guidelines for Quantitative Nursing Research Critique to complete the following steps: 1. State the purpose of the study and identify the problem. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often require enteral

Music Appreciation Module Essay Example For Students

Music Appreciation Module Essay Meter a term that music has inherited from the rhythmic element of poetry where it means the number of lines in a verse, the number of syllables in each line and the arrangement of those syllables as long or short, accented or unaccented. X. Accent tone played louder than those near it. Music Appreciation Module 1 By luridness z. Largo very slow, broad AAA. Grave very slow and solemn b. Adagio slow c. Andante moderate (walking) pace d. Moderate moderate e. Allegretto fairly lively and fast if. Allegro fast g. Vice very lively h. Presto very fast it. Proprieties as fast as possible j]. Melody a series of single notes that add up too recognizable whole. K. Legato smooth/connected II. Staccato short/detached mm. Harmony the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other an. Consonance stable, restful chords 00. Dissonance unstable, tense chords up. Chord 3 or more notes sounded at once q. Key central note, chord, scale within a piece r. Tonic the first scale degree of a diatonic scale and the tonal center or final resolution tone. The most significant chord. ss. Half step- smallest interval tradition used in western music TTT. Whole step twice as large as half step u. Modulation change of key w. Monophonic texture single, unaccompanied melody. Unison creates fuller, richer-sounding monophonic texture. Www. Polyphonic texture two or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously. Xx. Homophobic texture one melody with choral accompaniment.

The Great San Francisco Earthquake

Introduction An earthquake is essentially a quiver which resulted by sudden energy release from the earth inner surface. The release of energy causes a ripple of seismic waves that are felt in the form of shaking. The damage caused by an earthquake depends on the magnitude and the length of such earthquake. (U.S. Geological Survey2008, April 22).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great San Francisco Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The length however depends on the size of the wave since the larger the wave the larger the area affected and consequently the longer the period of time taken. Each year the earth experiences up to half a million-earth quakes of which only 100, 000 can be truly felt. The probability of occurrence of an earthquake depends on the nature of the locality as well as its geology. South California alone experiences up to 10000 earthquakes a year. History of earthquakes in San Fra ncisco Earliest reported earthquake in California was felt in 1769 the worst of them all was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. There have been severel other smaller earth quakes that have hal minimal impact and even gone unnoticed. Others which have been of a greater impact Situational analysis and probability of an earthquake in the near future Research has predicted that there exsists a 25% probability of an earth quake with a magnitude of up to 7.0 occuring within the next two decades in sanfrancisco. Based on the historical data as well as computer simulations it has been suggested that there is an even more greater chance that an earthquake of an even greatter magnitude will occur in the next 45 years. The death toll is estimated at a shocking 5,800 deaths if the magnitude is at least 7.0. this means that the value could be higher if the ripple effect is of agreater magnitude(Abercrombie and Brune1994) Sanfrancisco notably lies on the san andreas fault which is considered the most vulnerable to such earth quakes. The last time such an event occured in 1989 it left 66 dead and 3,757 injured. It only lasted fifteen seconds but the damage to property was indisputably large with the San Francisco Oklahoma Bridge collapsing. This damage went to the tune of 6 billion in property damage. The then United States president George bush issued a 3.45 billion package that was to act as relief for the affected. The effect could have been even more grave had there been a tsunamic effect. This would have resulted in flooding of the coastal towns sweeping away their homes and destroying their productive farms. The earth quake would damage the regions leeves bearing an effect similar to that of harricane katrina.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The damage would even be worse after the earth quake as the flood water contaminates the fresh water supply that is mainly supplie d though an over land aquaduct that would cost even more to repair. It is estimated that at least 24,000 homes were damaged and 100000 left homeless after the floods caused by snow melts hit sanfrancisco back in 1997. Up to 50 leeves were damaged (United States Geological Survey 1999, October 15) Even more compelling scientists from the United States geological survey suggest that there is a 70 % chance that at least one or more earthquakes with intensity not less than 6.7 will in the next 30 or so years strike San Francisco bay. This is equated to one that occurred in 1994, which left 57 people dead, and others wounded and caused destruction to the tune of $ 20 billion. (Seismological Society of America, 2008, April 17) General effects of an earthquake Earth quakes are categorized among the top ten most deadly natural disasters. They have the following effects Shaking and ground rupture -This is the single most probable effect of an earth quake. The intensity of the shaking will de pend heavily on the magnitude size as well as the distance from the epicenter. It will also depend on the geology of the area in question. Geological concerns go to the nature of the superficial soils in the subsurface of the earth. Landslides and avalanches -Landslides also bring along volcanic eruptions which may cause serious storms and wild fires. Landslides are specifically dangerous to both the affected and those who make attempts at providing rescue services. Fires –Â  Shaking causes damage to power lines and gas pipe systems which are a remedy to massive fires. The effects of these fires were typically felt in the 1906 San Francisco earth quake. The destruction by fire or any other human motivatied factor such as stampedes accidents and collusions would participate heavily to the increased casualties. These however will depend on the level of awareness of the poplation as well as the preparedness. Soil liquefaction –Â  This is a situation where sand and other granular material owing to the saturation of water temporarily loose strength and dissolve into liquid making the foundations upon which buildings and other rigid structures stand on to become loose causing the building to collapse or tilt. In the Alaskan earth quake the effects of soil liquefaction were immensely felt. This would however e an unlikelyeffect on sanfrancisco due to its geology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great San Francisco Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tsunami – Tsunamis are often mistaken for tidal waves that rock the seas due to oceanic currents. The mechanism behind tsunamis is much more different. A tsunami is essentially caused by unusual sudden movement of water volumes in the open sea. The sudden movements could be caused by an earth quake in the submarine soils as well as landslides Floods -Earth quakes that occur in the open sea cause a tsunami effect that leads to seeping of water from the open sea and into the mainland causing floods. Sanfrancisco would be hardly hit by these floods due to its proximity to the sea.In the mainland they cause destruction of dams and water barriers leading to flooding. Human impacts -Earth quakes have a toll on every aspect of human life. They bring along a death toll besides the destruction caused to the infrastructure. They also cause disease owing to lack of necessities. Financially they lead to high claims for compensation besides the relief costs occurred in resettlement (The Virtual Museum of San Francisco, 2011). Emergency Planning Options. Citizen based approach This a proactive and reactive approach which involves two basic components; Leadership which involves appointment is disaster management managers who will be vetted based on willingness aggression and objectivity and partnership which involves embracing an integrated vision and mission and letting the community be part of the campaign The approach recommends the cooperation between government agencies and the people living in San Francisco. The government formulates a plan that requires the engagement of the people partially or as a whole. Government departments such as the police accept suggestions and receive volunteers who are trained and licensed as local disaster managers. The people are collectively involved in the The strategic approach The approach collects together all available resources and coordinates manages motivates the implementation of the awareness campaign. It encourages the building of an integrated programming system e.g., school based curriculum and emphasizes on capacity building and empowerment Strategy Implications The strategy adopted will among other things require the change of policy to accommodate the budgetary concerns of the implementation process. It will also require cooperation from all participants and interested parties including investors and development partners. The partner ship will help diversify the information platform and increase the level of awareness. The integration of the measures into the various programs such as the school-based curriculum will require training for the implementers who include teachers and administrators. (Interagency Coordinating Committee (ICC) 2008)Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Way forward With the objective of a better disaster management system the government should undertake in research to improve the understanding of the earthquake process its likelihood and impact. It should also develop cost efficient ways of combating the effects on individuals as well as improve the level of resilience in the population. There is a lot of information available in the various sources concerning the effects and consequences of an earthquake. Every citizen should develop a need to know to ensure that they make informed decisions in areas such as construction development and investment References Abercrombie, R.E., and J.N. Brune. (1994). Evidence for a constant b-value above magnitude 0 in the southern San Andreas, San Jacinto and San Miguel fault zones and at the Long Valley caldera. California. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 (15), 1647-1650. Interagency Coordinating Committee (ICC).(2008). Strategic Planfor the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Fiscal Years 200 9–2013. Web. Seismological Society of America. (2008, April 17). New Hazard Estimates Could Downplay Earthquake Dangers. ScienceDaily. Web. The Virtual Museum of San Francisco. (2011). San Francisco Earthquake History 1915-1989. Web. U.S. Geological Survey (2008, April 15). California Has More Than 99% Chance Of A Big Earthquake WIthin 30 Years, Report Shows. ScienceDaily. Web. U.S. Geological Survey. (2008, April 22). Earthquake Hazard Maps Show How U.S. Shakes With Quakes. ScienceDaily. Web. United States Geological Survey. (1999, October 15). 70 Percent Chance That Large Earthquake Will Strike San Francisco By 2030. ScienceDaily. Web. This essay on The Great San Francisco Earthquake was written and submitted by user Queen Noir to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Declining Ethics In American Culture

Declining Ethics in American Culture It is unfortunate to see how ethics in the American culture are constantly declining. People’s moral values are below normal societal standards, which is why, the older generations are outraged by the way things are now, and become rather upset and feel disturbed towards society. Furthermore, religion has lost its value throughout the years. In the essay, "Do Kids Need Religion?" by Anthony Brandt, he underlines the idea of how religion is not properly taught or provided to children. In Wendy Shalit’s essay, "The Future of Modesty," she discusses how much modesty has reached its worst in the younger generations, however society is beginning to raise these standards once again. Nonetheless, education has also lost its honor code. Mark Clayton calls attention to how cheating is becoming incredibly common among students throughout the United States in his essay, "A Whole Lot of Cheatin’ Going on." In fact, it is obvious that American culture is declining fast in eth ics, especially in religion, dating, and education. First, religion has often played an important role in people’s lives, however its significance continues to decrease in recent decades. Parents do not pass on faith or beliefs onto their children, because most parents do not have faith or beliefs. These parents believe it would be hypocritical to teach their children about being spiritual, when they are not spiritual themselves. Children often go to their parents with questions regarding matters such as death, life, and God, but "Western culture is so secularized that parents can evade or dismiss 'religious' questions without feeling that they’re merely getting themselves off the hook" (Brandt 193). In contrast with today’s society, back in the old days, most Americans sought enlightenment in faith and religion. Today many people question religion, and even "spokesmen, leaders, and so on do not have the kind of influence and i... Free Essays on Declining Ethics In American Culture Free Essays on Declining Ethics In American Culture Declining Ethics in American Culture It is unfortunate to see how ethics in the American culture are constantly declining. People’s moral values are below normal societal standards, which is why, the older generations are outraged by the way things are now, and become rather upset and feel disturbed towards society. Furthermore, religion has lost its value throughout the years. In the essay, "Do Kids Need Religion?" by Anthony Brandt, he underlines the idea of how religion is not properly taught or provided to children. In Wendy Shalit’s essay, "The Future of Modesty," she discusses how much modesty has reached its worst in the younger generations, however society is beginning to raise these standards once again. Nonetheless, education has also lost its honor code. Mark Clayton calls attention to how cheating is becoming incredibly common among students throughout the United States in his essay, "A Whole Lot of Cheatin’ Going on." In fact, it is obvious that American culture is declining fast in eth ics, especially in religion, dating, and education. First, religion has often played an important role in people’s lives, however its significance continues to decrease in recent decades. Parents do not pass on faith or beliefs onto their children, because most parents do not have faith or beliefs. These parents believe it would be hypocritical to teach their children about being spiritual, when they are not spiritual themselves. Children often go to their parents with questions regarding matters such as death, life, and God, but "Western culture is so secularized that parents can evade or dismiss 'religious' questions without feeling that they’re merely getting themselves off the hook" (Brandt 193). In contrast with today’s society, back in the old days, most Americans sought enlightenment in faith and religion. Today many people question religion, and even "spokesmen, leaders, and so on do not have the kind of influence and i...

Reasons Why You Should Vote as a College Student

Reasons Why You Should Vote as a College Student Feel like your vote really wont make a difference? Not sure if going out and voting is really worth the effort? These reasons why you should vote as a college student should give you some food for thought and motivation. America is a Democracy True, it may be a representative democracy, but your elected representatives still need to know how their constituents think in order to accurately represent them. They are counting on your vote as part of that process. Remember Florida? The debacle in Florida that followed the 2000 presidential election will not soon be forgotten. Try asking those folks if your vote matters or not. No One Else Votes with College Students in Mind Many people vote while thinking of other constituencies: older folks, people without health insurance, and the like. But very few voters are focused specifically on the needs of college students. When issues like student loan rates, educational standards, and admissions policies are on the ballot, who else is better qualified to vote than those currently experiencing the implications of such initiatives? Youve Got the Numbers College students also known as millennial voters are a key constituency in any, and every, election.  With 44 million Millennial voters eligible to vote, your vote can make a huge difference when banded with others in your demographic. Diversity Millennial voters are more diverse than any other constituency. According to Rock the Vote, Sixty-one percent of Millennials identify as White, while 17% are Hispanic, 15% are Black and 4% are Asian. Who else is going to vote to represent the needs of such a diverse constituency? No One Likes a Hypocrite Youre in college. Youre expanding your mind, your spirit, your life. Youre challenging yourself in new and exciting ways and learning things you may not have ever considered before. But when the time comes, youre going to pass on empowering yourself by voting? Really? Many People Fought for Your Right to Vote No matter your race, gender, or age, your right to vote came at a price. Honor the sacrifices others made so that your voice could be heard when theirs wasnt. College Voters Really Can Swing an Election As Rock the Vote reports in its (fantastic) Young Voter Myths and Facts PDF, Joe Courtney won by 83 votes; turnout at the UConn polling place was up nearly 10x that in Connecticut in 2006. Want to call Courtneys opponent, or even Courtney himself, to see if every vote matters? Vote for Your Future Within the next 4 years, you may be getting a job, owning or renting your own housing, getting married, starting a family, paying for health care, or building a business. The policies you vote for today will have a huge influence on your life after college. Do you really want to leave those decisions up to someone else? Youre Living Life as an Adult Now Despite conventional attitudes about college students not being in the real world, much of your daily life involves very serious and important decisions. You manage your finances; you are taking charge of your education and career; you are doing your best, every day, to improve yourself through higher education. In essence, you are becoming an adult (if you arent one already). Your vote, then, matters most because you are finally able to cast it. Go voice your opinions on issues, policies, candidates, and referendums. Stand up for what you believe in. Vote!

Media and Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Media and Terrorism - Research Paper Example The findings of the study demonstrate that media coverage on terrorism has got more of disadvantages than advantages. However, the implications of the research also make it clear that media can effectively be used as the tool for counter-terrorism. There have been a lot of studies and researches made on Terrorism and its social, economic and political impacts. Terrorism, a curse on the human race, is a global phenomenon and it has no boundaries. As terrorism is highlighted by the media, it is interesting to have a look into the relationship between media and terrorism. Media can be considered as the bread and butter for terrorism as it helps in giving a world-wide coverage on terrorist acts and thereby achieving their objectives and spreading their messages. Even a localized terrorist attack, celebrated by media gets coverage all over the world and thereby the responsible terrorist group gets benefited. In this regard, it becomes relevant to discuss the impact of conventional media l ike newspapers and television, as well as new generation media like internet on terrorism. In fact, one can observe a give and take the relationship between media and terrorism as both get benefited on the other. The success of a terrorist act is merely dependant on the coverage given by the media and it can be stated that without getting a widespread publicity, terrorists cannot achieve their goals and objectives to its fullest. On the other hand, media also gets benefited by terrorist acts.

Compere and contrast the presidential and parliamentary institutional Essay

Compere and contrast the presidential and parliamentary institutional structures in Canada and the U.S includes executive, legislature and judiciary - Essay Example Every country in the world operates either a parliamentary system of governance, or a presidential one. In history, these two governance structures can be traced back to the United Kingdom and the United States of America (Antonio, 2007). While the former practices the parliamentary system, the latter is governed by a presidential system. So what are the similarities and differences between the two? We shall first discuss the parliamentary system followed by the presidential system. We shall then highlight their similarities and differences. The parliamentary system of governance, as earlier mentioned, is a system that has been successfully implemented in the United Kingdom, as well as in some of its former colonies. Historically, under this system, the law was understood to be any word that came from either the King or the queen. Power was vested in either of the two and their word was the law. However, this changed over time. The English Civil War is feted for effecting changes such as the shifting of power from the King or Queen to the Parliament. As such, the royalty position is now ceremonial (Bergman, 2006). So how does this structure of governance operate? Under this system, the Parliament is vested with the power of controlling all the duties, deliberations, and functions of Government. They thus create a system of checks and balances to monitor the functions of Government. Members of Parliament (MPs), who are also representatives of the people, are elected into office by the people. The elected members take up executive functions in government. The Prime Minister, who is the head of government, is entirely dependent on Parliament when making decisions such as the selection of Ministers from the 446 MPs who are elected to Parliament (Antonio, 2007). Ministers are selected based on their loyalty to their respective

Presentation of Statistical Information Essay Example for Free

Presentation of Statistical Information Essay Decision making within any given organization requires the use of information and data so that the relevant and well-informed decisions that will benefit the whole organization can be made. Managers require information and data to be presented in an easy way to analyze interpret and make the most-suitable decision based on the report provided (Cox, Hand, Herzberg, 2005). The statistical information should be presented in a simple way and contain graphical, and visualization hence get the meaning of the information and make the most-appropriate decisions for the Industry week (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014).                  The statistical information need to be accurate, precise, clear and concise so that the decision that the manager will be able to make will be well-informed (Brechner, 2009). The presentation of the statistical information that has been obtained from the case study will use tables and graphs (Brechner, 2009). To be able to make the presentation of the statistical information through the table and graphs effective for decision making, the graphs and tables should be directly related to the written text in the case study (Cox, Hand, Herzberg, 2005). Therefore, this means that the information that is to be contained in the graphs and the tables should act as a summary for the whole case study.                Apart from being directly related to the whole case study, the graphs and tables are also needed to act as supporting evidence to the written text. Furthermore, the graphs and tables must also be clearly labelled (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). The manager is quite a busy person who holds a lot of responsibility hence the amount of time that is required to interpret the statistical presentation of the information need to be minimized (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). Therefore, this is the reason as to why the presentation of the statistical information using the graphs and tables must be precise and clear (Brechner, 2009). In additional to ensuring that the tables and the graphs are properly labelled with all variables identified correctly, it is important to include footnotes that are summarized for easy understanding of the graphs and tables (Cox, Hand, Herzberg, 2005).                   Graphs and tables will also be the most suitable for the presentation of the statistical information from this case study due to the reason that they provide the visuals that a manager needs to make an informed decision (Brechner, 2009). The graphs and tables also show how the variables obtained are related and how each impacts on the Industry Week hence the manager will be able to make well-informed decisions (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). Therefore, it will make the information more accessible to the manager, and also easy to memorize and remember without having to read the whole case study repeatedly. Limitations of the Study                     This case study has got some limitations that make it less reliable in making the final decision by the manager of the organization. Some of the limitations which can be directly identified include the sample size used during the collection of data. The participants in the research were 710 who completed their questionnaires but upon receiving the responses, only 676 of the responses were analyzed to provide the statistical information (case study). Therefore, it means that the actual results of the research were not relayed in this case study. The statistical information that was collected should have included all the responses from the total participants who took part in the research so that the actual results could be obtained. Furthermore, the limitation of this study is based on the margin of error that was assumed to be  ± 4 percent (case study). This percentage is quite higher and hence reduced the chances of having accurate statistical info rmation which the manager could then use to make the relevant decisions for the Industry week.                   The other limitation of the study is the in-depth follow-up telephone interviews that were conducted. The respondents who were involved in the follow-up interview was 40 in number (case study). Therefore, this was quite less considering that the total number of respondents who had been used in the research was 710 (case study). The number limited the chances of obtaining a wider range of responses during the follow-up interviews by the respondents (Goodhue, Lewis, Thompson, 2012). The study could also have been faced with the limitation of the questionnaire.                   The length of the questionnaires was quite long and hence may have affected the kind of response the participants provided when filling in the answers to the questions (case study). The research that was carried out made use of disproportionate sampling whereby the adverts used were for the year 1992 which had 648 adverts and 1997 that had 690 adverts (case study). Therefore, there is no possibility of knowing the trend based on the number of years that have lapsed between 1992 and 1997 (case study). Therefore, this reduces the chances of the manager being able to make appropriate and viable decisions based on the results of the study. References Brechner, R. A. (2009). Contemporary mathematics for business and consumers. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Cox, D. R., Hand, D. J., Herzberg, A. M. (2005). Selected statistical papers of Sir David Cox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goodhue, D. L., Lewis, W., Thompson, R. (2012). Does pls have advantages for small sample size or non-normal data? MIS Quarterly, 36(3), 981-A16. Yergens, D. W., Dutton, D. J., Patten, S. B. (2014). An overview of the statistical methods reported by studies using the Canadian community health survey. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14(1), 1-14. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-15 Source document

Affirmative Action: Keeping minorities down for 30 years. Essay

The subject of affirmative action in college admissions has been hotly debated since its inception. Although affirmative action was originally supported by the vast majority, that same majority is now starting to wonder if there is a better way. Commonly asked questions include: â€Å"Is affirmative action still working?† and â€Å"Is there an alternative?† The answers to each of these questions will provide insurmountable evidence that affirmative action in college admissions no longer fulfills its intended purpose and that the only viable alternative is to focus more attention on primary schooling for the underprivileged. The most common question that arises in contemporary debates over affirmative action is, â€Å"Does affirmative action still work as intended?† The original purpose of affirmative action in college admissions was to eliminate racial bias in the applicant selection process and provide a helping hand to disadvantaged minority students. Has this happened? The simple answer is â€Å"No†, but a more precise answer requires more elaboration. Richard Rodriguez, the Mexican-American author of Hunger of Memory and a direct beneficiary of early affirmative action policies, puts it this way, â€Å"I think – as I thought in 1967 – that the black civil rights leaders were correct: Higher education was not, nor is it yet, accessible to many black Americans† (Rodriguez 144). In 1967, civil rights leaders of all types began to pressure universities and colleges all over the United States to admit more minority students and hire more minority teachers. They claimed that racial bias was the nefarious culprit responsible for the low numbers of non-white students and teachers at these institutions and that these low numbers were unrepresentative of the surrounding populations. Affirmative action policies were born in a drive to better represent minorities in institutional America. However, all has not gone according to plan. In an effort to avoid the label of Racist, colleges and universities sometimes give preferential treatment to minority applicants. This preferential treatment means that promising majority (white) applicants are often passed over for less promising minority applicants. The term Reverse Discrimination has been applied to this phenomena and th... ...needed now is to focus all of our efforts on improving primary schooling for the underprivileged. Referring to the above cartoon, why not give everyone the advantages of the majority instead of lowering the standards to fit the minority? Works Cited Billingsley, K.L. "Affirmative Action Is Racist." 1995. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. University Library. IUPUI, Indianapolis. 14 Nov. 2004. Cohen, Carl. "Affirmative Action in Admissions Harms College Students.† 1998. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. University Library. IUPUI, Indianapolis. 14 Nov. 2004. < http://galenet.galegroup.com.proxy.ulib.iupui.edu/servlet/ OVRC?vrsn=218&slb=SU&locID=iulib_iupui&srchtp=basic&c=15&ste=17&tbst=ts_basic&tab=1&txb=%2522Affirmative+Action%2522&docNum=X3010148224&fail=8192&bConts=16207> Detroit Free Press. 2001. 14 Nov. 2004. Messerli, Joe. â€Å"Should affirmative action policies, which give preferential treatment based on minority status, be eliminated?† 2003. BalancedPolitics.org. 14 Nov. 2004. < http://www.balancedpolitics.org/affirmative_action.htm> Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory. New York: Bantam Books, 1983.

Louis Pasteur in Public Health Essay

Louis Pasteur is a man of many talents; his greatest gift was his intelligence and patience without it the medical field and the public health system would not be where it is today. Through his patience and diligence Pasteur was able to make several advances in chemistry, microbiology, immunizations and preservations. In 1857 he developed the Germ Theory of fermentation and putrefaction, these theories assisted in the surgical revolution of antiseptics developed by Joseph Lister. He has laid the foundations for epidemiology and the defining rules for personnel hygiene. Many people believed that his theories were not true and hoped that he would fail however time and time again he proved them wrong. Through his studies and research Pasteur was able to positively impact the nineteenth century by the development of theories such as the Germ Theory and vaccines for several diseases such as anthrax and rabies, which led to the first successful vaccination of humans. He has shown how pathogens could be passed from animals to humans. Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, France on December 27, 1822; as the son of a tanner his father wanted him to get the education that he did not receive. He attended school at â€Å"? cole Primaire and later went to the College d’Arboix but did not finish due to be home sick. In 1842 he went on to earn his Bachelor’s degree in Science at College Royal de Besancon, from there he attended ? cole Normale to earn his Doctorate in Science focusing on physics and chemistry. (Toledo-Pereyra, 2009). In 1849 he married Marie Laurent; she bore him five children through the years, three of the passed away before reaching maturity. Even though Pasteur has been recognized for great accomplishments in the fields of physics, chemistry and microbiology he did not prosper from it. He taught at several colleges as Chemist, and later moved on to being a director or an administrator of the Department of Science. He is one of the founding fathers of microbiology. According to â€Å"Discovery of Pasteurization† (2010), â€Å"Pasteur laid the foundation for all microbiological techniques through his research on Lactic and alcoholic fermentation and defined these principles: All fermentation is caused by a microorganism, there is a particular ferment for every given fermentation, a sterile culture is required for ferment growth, the medium has to be seeded with absolute ferment particles† (Alcoholic Fermentation). Through his studies of fermentation Pasteur was able to denounce the theory of spontaneous generation. â€Å"Spontaneous generation is the supposed development of living organisms from non-living matter. † (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th Ed. ). The denouncement of spontaneous generation and studies of fermentation led to the sterilization of milk, wine and beer, which resulted in improved taste and quality; but also prevented thousands of unnecessary deaths. This process was later named after him and was called pasteurization which is the heating of beverages or food to kill living organisms to prevent spoilage. In 1857 he developed the Germ Theory of fermentation; later named the Germ Theory of disease, this led to Joseph Lister’s development of antiseptics that is now used for surgeries. As Pasteur continued to study micro-organisms he began to take on animal diseases. Through his studies he was able to develop several vaccines and eradicate rabies, also he was able to successful vaccinate human’s from the rabies disease. He was first called upon to investigate the disease of silkworms, which almost devastated the silkworm industry. His studies showed that the worms disease was caused by shiny corpuscles†; an unattached body cell, â€Å"which he later discovered was hereditary and contagious,† (Discovery of Pasteurization, 2010) and soon began suggesting new hygienic measures to properly cultivate the silkworms. Without delay he started to tackle more animal disease specifically Chicken Cholera and Anthrax which were occurring around the same time. Anthrax was slaughtering farm animals mostly, sheep; through investigations of healthy and diseased animals he was able to cultivate a vaccine to control the bacteria. Toledo-Pereyra, 2009), and he did the exact same thing with Chicken Cholera. In 1881 Pasteur began the study of the viral disease called rabies. Rabies attacks the central nervous system of warm blooded animals including humans. According to (Harrigan, 2011). â€Å"Animal symptoms may have the appearance of being sick, crazed, act vicious or may be over friendly, docile, and confused. Human symptoms may be pain or tingling sensation from the bite site, high fever, confusion, seizures and coma. Once an animal or individual is infected and they show signs of symptoms they rarely live. †(Symptoms). Pasteur began his investigations by studying â€Å"infected rabies animals to get an understanding of the disease’s cycle. He discovered that the spinal cords of dying rabbits with rabies could be kept no infected by maintaining them in a sterile, dried air for two weeks. He developed a system of various concentrations of inoculated material; he was able to protect the animals. (Toledo-Pereyra, 2009). According to Encyclopedia of World Biography (2011) On 1885 Pasteur was brought a nine-year-old boy by the name of Joseph Meister who had been badly mauled by a rabid dog, with the permission from the boys physician he administered the vaccination treatments. The child successfully recovered from the rabies virus due to Pasteur’s diligence and since of duty to his country. Louis Pasteur had different methods to help society accept his scientific theories. His most widely used was proof, he showed the people through controlled variable or environment. By letting his work speak for itself, he was able integrate is theories a lot easier. Two of Pasteur’s biggest adversary’s was â€Å"Justus Liebig he tried to disprove Pasteur’s theory on spontaneous generation and the theory of fermentation; and Felix Archimede Pouchet whom questioned his theory of spontaneous generation. †(Schwartz, 2001). He was able to hold his own through methodological research, experimentation, and documentation to prove that his theories were the most accurate. As a testament to time Pasteur’s efforts to rid the world of diseases such as Rabies, Anthrax, and Cholera his theories have rang true. His studies of fermentation, putrefaction and spontaneous generation have led society to be a more hygienic and sufficient place. There are healthier people in the world today, because of his efforts to help people live and for them to understand what was going on despite centuries of beliefs. If it was not for Louis Pasteur the medical profession would have probably just getting to understanding the life of a microorganism. Pasteur has influenced countless people through his work because of the way he presented, explained and proved it. His studies helped Joseph Lister in the surgical field, by showing that there are micro-organisms that are in the air which causes contamination of the wounds. According to New world of Encyclopedia (2008)â€Å"The young boy whose life was saved by Pasteur’s vaccine for rabies worked at the Pasteur Institute, Meister was ordered by German forces occupying Paris to open his crypt, but he committed suicide rather than comply. † The impact the Pasteur had has been greatly felt throughout the world, without his perseverance the world would not be where it is today in regards to the medical field and public health. His desire to understand why things happened and how they happened influenced people to work with his drive, and determination. Pasteur’s willingness to accept change despite the fear it may cause, has shown us that just because something has been thought for centuries does not make it right, and if you do not believe in something find a way through scientific experimentation to be able to disprove it or show that it is right. For almost every experiment that was used to show the population that it was true he did it publicly for all eyes to see so that there was no doubt, and to prove that change is can be good. Louis Pasteur was a great chemist, physicist, and above all else a great teacher. He taught the world that just because you do not see it, does not mean that it is not there. Through his microscope he was able to make drinks healthier, formulate vaccines, and eradicate some the worst diseases that was known to man. Pasteur’s influences have touched each and everyone in some way shape or form. Even though he was doubted and criticized he still did not stop trying to make this world a better place. This man is truly a Public Health figure for all time.

Nefertiti Sun God Book Review

Kennedy Kelly-Hooks Period: 5 October 20th, 2012 Tyldesley, Joyce A. Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen. London: Viking, 1998. Print. In the times of Ancient Egypt women did not have a prominent role in society. Women rarely had power and most systems were patriarchal. Queens in Ancient Egypt were mainly observers and supporters of their husband. In Joyce A. Tyldesley's Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen the wife of Amenhotep IV and Queen of Egypt, Nefertiti, played a more dominant role in her marriage as well as in society.Nefertiti was seen as an equal to her husband as the women who came before her had not been seen before. The book Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen covered a time span of 1386 BCE to about 1330 BCE. The book begins by explaining the royal family history of Egypt before Nefertiti and Amenhotep IV. It gives background on the parents of Amenhotep III the father of Amenhotep IV, which helps to explain ideas discussed later on in the book. Amenhotep's III mother supposedly at that time had an affair with the god Amen-Re a sun god who requested the son be named after his grandfather.After explaining the family dynamics and how Queen Tiy also was a woman of power who gave Amenhotep IV the view that women were equal, it begins to peace together the life of Nefertiti. There are no records of her childhood but that was typical in that time period for there to be no knowledge of a consorts childhood. Her parents remained unknown although they do have likely theories on who her parents were and who Nefertiti's sister was. But since the term sister was so loosely used back then nobody can be sure.The book describes the changes that Amenhotep IV who was later called Akhenaten and Nefertiti made in Egypt and how other people may have viewed them to the mysterious death of Nefertiti. Nefertiti and Amenhotep IV created a new religion which is one of the first monotheistic religions and created a new capital Armana. But after their deaths their monuments and drawings were des troyed. The author of this story created the first biography of Nefertiti through archeological and textual evidence. Joyce Tyldesley who is originally from England has written many iographies on women from Ancient Egypt. In the story she provides many views on the life of Nefertiti. Nefertiti in the story is described as the first woman to be seen equally to an Egyptian king. Nefertiti was seen as a power figure just as much as her husband was. She was even apart of Akhenaten's religion with the main god being Aten. Also Akhenaten and Nefertiti were seen as two halves of one whole. The two completed each other as seen in statues. Nefertiti was also the same size as her husband in pictures and statues which had never been done before.Queen's were usually women who just supported their husband and gave him children, as well as observing what he does. But Nefertiti played an active role in making decisions and could perform sacrifices just like a man. In some pictures she is even seen in a clothing that a king would wear. Akhenaten's mother had also played a major role and had a larger handle on Egypt than Amenhotep III who had easily let his wife take over his role. But even Queen Tiy was not seen as a complete equal as Nefertiti was.The author of this biography provides many different views that some scholars might have had about Nefertiti's life. There are theories surrounding the death of Nefertiti that have changed over time. Some people believe that she never died around the time that she was replaced as Queen and just moved on to a different location. But some have said there was a golden coffin that was moved from the kings home and was never seen again. There is writing that appears to be hers that was written to a Hittite king after her death supposedly happened.Some say she was banished possibly from her husband after he realized she could give him no sons to inherit his throne. But that theory is highly improbable. Also the fate of Nefertiti's sister after leaving the court is she either died or that she was sent somewhere else to be married. Nefertiti's parents were believed by some to be a Royal family because in their tomb there is a drawing of Nefertiti and Akhenaten giving the couple gold. However others believe her mother was one of the kings wives or that Nefertiti was a orphan. But she was definitely not the daughter of a king.Scholars may have a problem accepting this book because although most of the story is supported by likely facts there is no way to be completely sure of all the book because so much about Nefertiti's life was either destroyed or unknown. We know she was the powerful wife of Akhenaten and gave him six daughters. But we do not know of her death or origin. Archeologists have yet to find her body. The descriptions of her are strictly based of drawings and texts written in other people's tombs. Scholars would say this book is not very reliable and you cannot trust every word from it.There is evidence t hat some of the information in the book is true but the rest is just like pieces being put together on what we believed to have happened. Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun God was an interesting read and gave a lot of detail along with evidence on Nefertiti's life. However the book was very dry and hard to get into. It would describe the elements of Egyptian housing and some temples prior to their time which was not relevant to the story which made it that much harder to read. Some information was thrown into the book without a thought on how it would completely fit in.But the book had an interesting way of telling the story of Nefertiti which helped me form my own individual opinion about her. The book explained the events that lead to the ideas that pushed Akhenaten and Nefertiti to create a monotheistic religion and move the capital to Armana. It gave good background that helped me piece together Nefertiti's life and what a big deal her achievements of being worshipped and respected by many in that time was. The book was overall a good read for those who really want to learn about Nefertiti in a way that was not completely based off of theories.

CNC fundamentals essays

CNC fundamentals essays 10 Improvements to the Process 13 PART 1: SINGLE COMPONENT MANUFACTURE The aim of this work is to provide an understanding of the principles in manual part programming, with the use of a state of the art CBC vertical machining centre, together with process planning and machine selection for different components. In order to fulfil this aim, it was necessary to carry out various tasks, including process planning and part programming, as well as spotting any errors prior to machining. The first task involved producing only one component, using the Denford Triac Fanuc machine, located in the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory. The aim of this task was to develop part programming skills, and to give a contrast in manufacturing techniques when compared to tasks two and three. The second task was to plan the process for producing 100,000 of this component every year, which is approximately 25 components per hour . This task gives the student an idea of the economics involved in long run manufacture, and how it compares to the single component manufacture, as described in task 1. The third task in this assignment was to plan the process for a short rung of multi-faced components, including setting up the machine and a discussion of the fixturing and tooling involved. In order to make this coursework economic and relevant, the component part program was written as if the part were to be manufactured in aluminium, but it was actually manufactured in resin. This was also necessary to avoid any damage to tools: the students involved in this assignment were inexperienced in this field, therefore programming errors were likely. A diagram of the part to be manufactured can be found overleaf (figure 2). In order to begin the planning, it was necessary to decide which tools had to be used. The tool list was as follows: Due to the geometry of the part,...

Legendary Lycurgus the Lawgiver of Sparta

Legendary Lycurgus the Lawgiver of Sparta Athens had its Solon, the law-giver, and Sparta, its Lycurgus- at least thats what we like to believe. Like the origins of the reforms of Lycurgus, the man himself is wrapped in legend. Plutarch on Lycurgus Rise to Power Plutarch tells the story of Lycurgus as if he had been a real person, albeit an eleventh-generation descendant of Hercules, since the Greeks generally ascribed genealogy that went back to the gods when writing about important figures. In Sparta there were two kings who jointly shared the power. Lycurgus, according to Plutarch, was the younger son of one of these two kings. His older brothers wife was pregnant when both Lycurgus brother and father died, and so, the unborn would have become king- assuming it was a boy- in time. Lycurgus sister-in-law proposed to Lycurgus, saying she would do away with the child if he would marry her. In that way both she and Lycurgus would maintain power in Sparta. Lycurgus pretended to agree with her, but instead of having the child killed after birth, as was a Greek custom, Lycurgus presented the child to the men of Sparta, naming the child and saying that he was their future king. Lycurgus himself was to act as guardian and advisor until the baby ca me of age. Lycurgus Travels to Learn About Law When slander about the motives of Lycurgus got out of hand, Lycurgus left Sparta and went to Crete where he became familiar with the Cretan law code. Plutarch says Lycurgus met Homer and Thales on his travels. Recalled to Sparta, Lycurgus Institutes His Laws (Rhetra) Eventually, the Spartans decided they needed Lycurgus back and persuaded him to return to Sparta. Lycurgus agreed to do so, but first he had to consult with the Delphic Oracle. The advice of the oracle was so well respected that it would add authority to whatever was done in its name. The oracle said that the laws (rhetra) of Lycurgus would become the most famous in the world. Lycurgus Changes Spartas Social Organization With the oracle on his side, Lycurgus instituted changes in the Spartan government and provided Sparta with a constitution. In addition to changes to the government, Lycurgus altered the economy of Sparta, banning ownership of gold or silver and useless occupations. All men were to eat together in common mess halls. Lycurgus reformed Sparta socially, too. Lycurgus started the state-run education system, including the training of women, the peculiar non-monogamous Spartan marriages, and the role of the state in deciding which newborn was fit to live. Lycurgus Tricks the Spartans Into Keeping His Laws When it appeared to Lycurgus that all was being done according to his suggestions and that Sparta was on the right track, he told the Spartans that he had one more important mission. Until he returned, they were under oath not to change the laws. Then Lycurgus left Sparta and disappeared forever. That is the (condensed) story of Lycurgus, according to Plutarch. Herodotus also says the Spartans thought the laws of Lycurgus came from Crete. Xenophon says Lycurgus made them up, while Plato says the Delphic Oracle provided them. Regardless of their origin, the Delphic Oracle played an important role in the acceptance of the laws of Lycurgus. The Great Rhetra Heres a passage from Plutarchs Life of Lycurgus on his obtaining an oracle from Delphi about the establishment of his form of government: When thou has built a temple to Zeus Syllanius and Athena Syllania, divided the people into phylai, and divided them into obai, and established a Gerousia of thirty including the Archagetai, then from time to time appellazein between Babyka and Knakion, and there introduce and repeal measures; but the Demos must have the decision and the power.

Should Organisations Have a Mentoring Scheme for all Employees Essay

Should Organisations Have a Mentoring Scheme for all Employees - Essay Example According to Olian, Carol et al (2004), studies show that the age of the mentor and the work experience of the mentee has no effect on the relationship between the two. Mentoring at the organizational level Mentoring literally means to advise or train someone, but at organizational level, mentoring changes meaning. Mentoring at organization levels does not limit itself only to advising and training but to a complex system of employer and employee relationship involving notions of reflection, openness, uncertainty, complexity and restoration. Mentoring is being studied alone from decades, where mentoring in organization is relatively newer research. Mentoring is a precious tool for managing and bringing a change in any organisation. (Conway, 1995). It is also considered as an economical way of transferring knowledge from a specialist to a learner. (Bjorson & Dingsoryr, 2005) According to a research conducted by Trevor, more women proteges than men felt that their thinking and performa nce was inspired by mentoring. Functions of a Mentor The mentor’s role is to act as a guide, provide insight, and also advise a mentee in his/her department to reach the highest potential level. Mentors advise on the basis of their professional and personal experiences and guide the mentee on short/long term basis depending on the company’s policy. The mentee’s performance is not usually catered but through guidance, help and advice, the mentor helps the mentee to provide great insights, fast move learning, and also support and improve any drawback of the mentee. On-the-job relationships between employees and employers have been greatly focused in recent years and great emphasis has been laid. There are two types of mentoring; informal or formal in an organization. Informal developmental relationships occur naturally in the workplace between senior managers, lower managers and, subordinates or peers. A combination of assistance is provided through such relations hips such as feedback, role modelling, counselling, mentoring, coaching, and skill building. Thus it brings lasting benefits to an organization.( Singh, Bains  &Vinnicombe, 2002) However, with the passage of time, informal developmental relationships have declined. This decline is mainly due to changing demographics, introduction of technology, and intense competition. As informal relationships decline, there is a rise in formal mentoring called â€Å"formal developmental relationships†. These are distinguished from informal relationships by the fact that they are assigned, maintained, and monitored by the organization, usually through an established program. An employee can interact with senior manager, peer or external consultant in a formal relationship. Although, nowadays, most organization facilitate on creating and implementing programs that would help relationship between senior and junior managers to get better. This helps the communication, trust, and productivity to rise as both sides of managers feel part of one organization. (Douglas, 2003) Formal mentoring is widely being used in the organizations which are rapidly changing and becoming leaner in hierarchy. This type of mentoring helps in the personal and career development of employees. (Tabbron, Macaulay, Cook, 1997). Prof. Dr. Antal Arriene presented four case studies of formal mentoring

Corporate Governance in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Dissertation

Corporate Governance in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example ance and the Role of Auditors in the KSA 26 Synthesis of the Review 28 Chapter 3: Methodology 30 Introduction 30 Research Approach 30 Research Design 30 Specification of Variables 31 Hypotheses 33 Sampling Technique 35 Methods and Materials 36 Reliability and Validity 36 Data-Collection Procedure 36 Ethical Considerations 37 Method of Data Analysis 37 Conclusion 38 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 39 Introduction 39 Results 39 Discussion 60 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 65 Conclusions 65 Recommendations 67 List of Tables Table 1. Independent and Dependent Variables 31 Table 2. Demographic Traits 32 Table 3. Research Questions with Corresponding Alternative Hypotheses 33 Table 4. Descriptive statistics: Evaluations of corporate governance (Internal Auditors) 40 Table 5. Descriptive statistics: Facets of the auditor’s role influenced by corporate governance (Internal Auditors) 42 Table 6. T-test: Facets of the auditor’s role influenced by corporate governanc e (Internal Auditors) 43 Table 7a. Coefficient of determination: Evaluations of corporate governance vs. overall success of corporate governance as regards the auditor’s role (Internal Auditors) 44 Table 7b. One-way ANOVA: Evaluations of corporate governance vs. overall success of corporate governance as regards the auditor’s role (Internal Auditors) 45 Table 7c. Beta coefficients: Evaluations of corporate governance vs. overall success of corporate governance to the auditor role (Internal Auditors) 46 Table 8. Descriptive statistics: Evaluations of corporate governance (External Auditors) 47 Table 9. Descriptive statistics: Facets of the auditor’s role influenced by corporate governance (Internal Auditors) 50 Table 10. T-test: Facets of the auditor’s role influenced by corporate governance... Following the major recent scandals involving accountants and their tendency to restate earnings, as well as the collapse of Enron and WorldCom, various calls for reform have been made, particularly in the field of management, external auditing and corporate governance (Brown 2005; Deakin & Konzelmann 2004). Research that delves into the matter at hand has highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"corporate governance mosaic†, which generally emphasises the critical role of the interactions among the important parties involved in financial reporting (Ali 1999). Moreover, researchers have given attention to how the corporate governance initiative of organisations significantly affects the processes related to financial reporting and auditing. It has likewise been argued that the auditors, together with the board of directors, must work hand in hand towards the betterment of the auditing process in accordance with the principles of corporate governance (Cohen, Krishnamoo rthy & Wright 2007; Dewing & Russell 2004). Strong corporate governance positively affects the quality of financial reports in a sense that it minimizes the incidence of fraud, fewer restatements and lower earnings of the management (Cohen et al. 2007). The nature and strength with which organisations carry out their initiatives pertaining to corporate governance significantly affect the audit process. Furthermore, actors involved in the advancement of corporate governance initiatives are also likely to be more responsible in ensuring that financial reporting is of high quality (Abbott, Parker & Peters 2004). Finally, it is also through the proper adoption of the principles of corporate governance that auditors are enabled to solve their disputes with clients. The relationship of corporate governance and the role of the auditors has indeed been the subject of many studies (Abbott, Parker & Peters 2004; International Organisations of Securities Commissions). Additionally, researchers who have undertaken studies in relation to the topic have all underscored the fact that the corporate governance system helps in preventing the collapse of corporations. The relationship between the two is also based on the role of auditors in ensuring the quality of the financial reports (Krishnan n.d.). In view of this, this research aims to look into how corporate governance influences the role of the auditors in the context of companies in the KSA.

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Theater - Essay Example This paper will also examine how the role played by design elements in theatre has changed in the last 200 years. The various design elements in theatre play the overall role of creating feel desired by the designer. Lighting helps to enable the scenic influence to be highlighted. Without lighting it becomes virtually impossible for the audience to experience the intended scene. Costumes, another essential element of design in theatre, have had their function revised over time. Until the nineteenth century, little attention was paid to costumes. Since then, however, costumes have been given increasing prominence in theatrical performance. The fabric, design, origin, texture, cut, and weight of the costume are all well considered ensuring that the recreation of the era in question is done to perfection (Sheryl and Sianghio). Over the last 200 years, the elements incorporated in designing theatre have changed immensely. Today, new theatres have designs that are flexible and eclectic. Themes from different time spans are incorporated to produce different scenes that promote the delivery of the message. In the renaissance period, for instance, architectural features were relied upon to provide desired scenic elements. Today, however, scenes for theatre are specifically built, and painting is used in order to suit the intended scene. Until renaissance, most performances were carried out outdoors, so lighting was majorly done by the sun. When need arose for alternative means of lighting, oil lamps and candles were used. In the nineteenth century, however, modes of lighting started to change as gas lamps were introduced. Today, floodlights, and spotlights are used (Sheryl and

Catcher In The Rye Essay English Literature Essay

Catcher In The Rye Essay English Literature Essay People  who  shut their eyes  to  reality simply invite their own destruction, and anyone  who  insists  on  remaining  in a  state  of  innocence long after  that  innocence is  dead turns himself into  a  monster (James Baldwin). One cannot hold onto their innocence forever, the longer he or she holds onto it, the more one can lose sight of their selves. In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield struggles in accepting his loss of innocence which leads towards his downfall. Holden is a struggling 16 year-old boy, trying to find his place in the world, a world in which allows him to retain his innocence and as he begins to move towards the adult world, he clings to his innocence in a more urgent desperation. Over the course of three days, the novel follows Holden where he eventually accepts his loss of innocence, but not without going through many struggles along the way first. Through Salingers use of symbols, the reader is able to clearly identify Holdens resistance towards becoming an adult and releasing his innocence. In The Catcher in the Rye, the author uses the Museum of Natural History, the erasing of profanity, and the carousel to reveal that a person cannot avoid his or her loss of innocence and it is difficult to accept that once it is gone, it never comes back. Holden visits his childhood spot, Museum of Natural History, symbolizing a world in which nothing has to change which in turn, Holden wishes could apply to life. While reflecting on his memories from the museum he realizes that the reason he loved it so much was because the way he could count on everything staying the same, The best thing though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd moveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the only thing that would be different is you (Salinger 121). Just like the thought of preserving innocence, Holden revels in the thought of everything staying exactly the same, forever. However, Holden knows he has become different, he acknowledges this in the quote. He realizes that he possesses less innocence than he did the last time he visited the museum. The concept of stability that this quote provides makes it evident that Holden is afraid of becoming different, evolving into an adult with different views than he once held. Deep down, he a dmits that even though certain things can remain the same, he will not. He is slowly beginning to recognize the fact he has lost his innocence for good, but it comes down to his admittance of this. Although, he thinks he can protect himself, the loss of his innocence is inevitable. Holden reflects on the museums consistency and he believes a world where everything could be preserved (even though it would be impossible) would solve many problems that he holds, Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone. I know thats impossible, but its too bad anyways (Salinger 122). Holden longs for a world in which everything can stay the same. Holden wouldnt have to enter the adult world and he would never have to lose his innocence and accept his growing responsibilities in his ideal world. It is implied that some of the certain things Holden might want to preserve is Allie, his deceased brother. I f Allie was put into one of the glass cases, he would never be exposed to his death, he wouldnt have to lose his innocence. Holden recognizes the fact though that this thought is impossible. He knows there is never a way in order to protect the ones he cares about and their innocence. He knows that there is no avoidance in the loss of innocence, but he is only scared to see it will never come back. Holden arrives at the museum, only to be consumed by a feeling that changes his wanting to visit the museum, When I got to the museum, all of a sudden I wouldnt have gone inside for a million bucks (Salinger 122). Holden realizes that if he steps into the museum he will acknowledge the fact he has changed, become different. Holden sees that he has lost his innocence, but he isnt ready to admit that he has lost it for good. Holden chooses to not go into the museum in order to try and avoid his recognition of his loss of innocence. However, eventually, if not the museum something will cause Holden to see reality for what it really is. As a child, Holden held on to the fond, innocent memories of the museum. Now, grown up, he is afraid that if he sees the museum now, his innocent perspective will change forcing him to accept the fact that he has lost his innocence for good. The Museum helps Holden realize the fact that as much as he wishes things could stay the same; he knows life does not work that way. Holdens erasing of the profanity symbolized the corruption of innocence and Holdens strong sense of duty towards the children who would see it, thinking it is his responsibility to be able to preserve all of their innocence, but knowing it is impossible. While visiting Phoebes elementary school, he observes the profanity that is written on the schools wall and is taken aback, Somebodyd written Fuck you on the wall. I thought how Phoebe and all the other little kids would see ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦If you had a million years to do it in, you couldnt rub out even half the Fuck you signs in the world (Salinger 201). Holden feels that children should not be exposed to anything that has a chance of corrupting their innocence. In this incident, the exposure to the phrase Fuck you creates Holden to believe it is his duty to be the savior to all the children. Although he wants to believe that by erasing all of the Fuck you signs could save childrens innocence, he knows that it is impossible to be able to save every single child. He cannot accept the fact that these children cannot avoid their loss of innocence, just like Holden cant as well. He is worried that if these children see the phrase, they will have no way of retaining their innocence which is already impossible. Again, he comes across another profane expression carved into the schools wall, I saw another Fuck you on the wall. I tried to rub it off with my hand again, but this one was scratched on, with a knife or something. It wouldnt come off (Salinger 202). Holden is beginning to witness that some things, like innocence, cannot be avoided. Some things are unavoidable. Even though he knows that phrase is permanently etched into the wall, he still desperately tries to erase it. This is symbolic of how he desperately tries to preserve his innocence even though he is already becoming different, something that cannot be changed. While the phrase symbolizes another way to corrupt ones innocence, it becomes evident that like the etching, innocence cannot be protected forever. When Holden is at the museum, in the tomb exhibit he sees yet more profanity on the walls, only this time it is written in crayola, Youd never guess what I saw on the wall. Another Fuck you. It was written with red crayon or something, right under the glass part of the window, under the stones (Salinger 204). While Holden is beginning to realize that the Fuck you signs are everywhere, providing many opportunities for the corruption of ones innocence. It is apparent this is symbolically showing that nothing can stop the process of losing ones innocence, it is only natural. The fact that this time, the phrase was written in crayon, it is a hint that this was most likely the work of a child. Holden has been working so hard in order to save these children, he didnt consider that unlike him, they are more willing to lose their innocence and accept the fact that it is gone for good. He is finally becoming aware of the fact that chi ldren are letting go of their innocence and making that transition into adulthood, and he isnt able to control this. At one point, Holden takes Phoebe to a carousel which is symbolic of Holdens new found acceptance towards his loss of innocence and realization that he is not able to save all children from losing their innocence as well. Holden takes Phoebe to a carousel where he encourages her to ride it, without him, Maybe I will next time. Ill watch ya. I went over and sat down on the bench, and she went and got on the carousel (Salinger 211). Holden rejects Phoebes invitation to join her on the carousel, marking Holdens developing maturity. It is becoming noticeable that Holden is slowly starting to show evidence that he is accepting the fact that he knows he has lost his innocence for good. Therefore, he feels it is not necessary to partake in childish activities such as the carousel. He sees Phoebe as the one who is her innocent stage. He has already passed that stage in his life and transition into the adult world, which doesnt include riding on the carousel. Seeing Phoebe reach for the gold ring while on the carousel he begins to realize that he cannot protect children from their growing up, The thing with kids is, if they want to grab for the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but its bad if you say anything to them (Salinger 211). The gold ring is what children would literally reach for once their horse passed under it on the carousel. Symbolically, Holden is accepting that growing up is a part of life, something that cannot be avoided. He is admitting that losing ones innocence is a part of growing up and a child cannot be protected from it forever. He realizes that adults must let children reach for their own gold rings; their dreams, hopes, and wants. Holden is acknowledging that he has to be the adult; he cannot be that child forever. Holden continues to watch Phoebe ride the carousel and is overwhelmed with happiness seeing her enjoy herself in her youth, It was just she looked so damn nice, the way she kept going around and around, in her blue coat and all (Salinger 213). Holden is seeing innocence incarnated, through Phoebe. Phoebes circling on the carousel represents seeing her innocence circling. Holden is accepting his loss of innocence and transitioning into the adult world. Watching Phoebe was almost a moment of truth for him, he realizes that one cannot avoid the loss of sense forever. He knows that eventually Phoebe will have to lose her innocence eventually but she doesnt have to yet. Holden thinks it is nice seeing Phoebe not worrying about her loss of innocence and he accepts the adult world for himself in this moment. Seeing and experiencing Phoebe on the carousel and seeing her in her innocence, Holden knows it is his time to move on, his innocence and innocent stage has come and gone and it will never come back. Learning to accept the loss of ones innocence is and to face the reality of it can be difficult for some. Through Holdens story, Salinger reveals that although it is understandable to try to protect ones innocence, it is only a foolish notion. Even in todays world, some struggle with accepting their loss of innocence. The loss of innocence can be related to taking that first sip of alcohol, or taking that first hit of marijuana. For young girls and boys, losing their virginity is an example of them giving away their innocence in an intimate act. Once some takes a drink, a smoke, or has sex, there is no going back, just like there is one cannot regain their innocence. Although these are examples of ways one can lose their innocence, it is much more complex than this. The losing of innocence marks the gradual change into the adult world where one is unable to access their childhood memories and youth. It is when one becomes an adult and fully matures that one loses his or her innocence . When one learns to accept the loss of innocence, it is then that they mark the turning point in their lives. Innocence is usually associated with ignorance and youth, so by losing this, one is accepting wisdom and adulthood. One is able to transition into the next part of their lives without the extra baggage of trying to retain their childhood. Although yearning for innocence is natural even in some ways perhaps good at some point, everyone has to face the realm of adulthood and venture into it, without the aid of their innocence to accompany them any longer.

Free Essays - Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essays :: Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essays

In Lewis Carroll's novel Alice in Wonderland, Alice is curious, well-mannered, and confused while she tries to find her way out of Wonderland. Alice meets many unique and weird creatures which eventually help her escape wonderland. Alice shows that she is curious through her actions. At the beginning of the book Alice gets distracted from her "boring" work, and chases a white rabbit down a hole. This excerpt describes Alices curiosity, "Alice started to her feet, for it flashed in her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket". When Alice is at the bottom of the hole she find a bottle labeled "Drink Me", she wants to see what it tastes like, this excerpt describes the event "...this bottle was not marked `poison', so Alice ventured to taste it, finding it very nice". Another instant that shows her curiosity when she looks for the white rabbits fan and gloves, she finds a bottle, this time there was no table, "There was no label this time with the words `Drink Me' ... `I know something interesting is going to happen' ... ` I'll just see what it does',". Alice is like a little girl that is still exploring the world around her, but she finds that she is more mature than the creatures in Wonderland. Alice is very well mannered in Victorian ways to the creatures of Wonderland. Alice shows her good manners when she enters the white rabbits house and the rabbit tells Alice to go fetch his gloves and fan, "I'd better take his fan and gloves- that is if I can find them", since Alice is a guest, uninvited, she follows the owners orders. When Alice runs into caterpillar she calls him "Sir", here is an excerpt from the book , " I can't explain myself myself, I'm afraid, Sir", this shows that she respects the creatures of Wonderland. When Alice enters the Duchesses house and the Duchess throws the baby to Alice, Alice starts to take care of it, " `Here! You may nurse it a bit, if you like!' Alice caught the baby with some difficulty ...", this shows her maternal side. Wonderland is an illogical land, nothing seems to make sense to Alice. She starts to become very frustrated and confused. When Alice meets the caterpillar the following conversation takes place, " `Who are you!' the caterpillar asked ... `I - I hardly know, Sir, just at present - at least I know who I was when I got up this morning' ... ", Alice is so confused she does not even know who she is.

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Ten

October 7, about 8:00 a.m. Dear Diary, I'm writing this during trig class, and I just hope Ms. Halpern doesn't see me. I didn't have time to write last night, even though I wanted to. Yesterday was a crazy, mixed-up day, just like the night of the Homecoming Dance. Sitting here in school this morning I almost feel like everything that happened this weekend was a dream. The bad things were so bad, but the good things were so very, very good. I'm not going to press criminal charges against Tyler. He's suspended from school, though, and off the football team. So's Dick, for being drunk at the dance. Nobody is saying so, but I think a lot of people think he was responsible for what happened to Vickie. Bonnie's sister saw Tyler at the clinic yesterday, and she said he had two black eyes and his whole face was purple. I can't help worrying about what's going to happen when he and Dick get back to school. They have more reason than ever to hate Stefan now. Which brings me to Stefan. When I woke up this morning I panicked, thinking, â€Å"What if it all isn't true? What if it never happened, or if he's changed his mind?† And Aunt Judith was worried at breakfast because I couldn't eat again. But then when I got to school I saw him in the corridor by the office, and we just looked at each other. And I knew. Just before he turned away, he smiled, sort of wryly. And I understood that, too, and he was right, it was better not to go up to each other in a public hallway, not unless we want to give the secretaries a thrill. We are very definitely together. Now I just have to find a way to explain all this to Jean-Claude. Ha-ha. What I don't understand is why Stefan isn't as happy about it as I am. When we're with each other I can feel how he feels, and I know how much he wants me, how much he cares. There's an almost desperate hunger inside him when he kisses me, as if he wants to pull the soul out of my body. Like a black hole that. Still October 7, now about 2:00 p.m. Will, a little break there because Miss Halperncaught me. She even started to read what I'd written out loud, but then I think the subject matter steamed her glasses up and she stopped. She was Not Amused. I'm too happy to care about minor things like flunking trigonometry. Stefan and I had lunch together, or at least we went off into a corner of the field and sat down with my lunch. He didn't even bother to bring anything, and of course as it turned out I couldn't eat either. We didn't touch each other much-we didn't-but we talked and looked at each other a lot. I want to touch him. More than any boy I've ever known. And I know he wants it, too, but he's holding back on me. That's what I can't understand, why he's fighting this, why he's holding back. Yesterday in his room I found proof positive that he's been watching me from the beginning. You remember how I told you that on the second day of school Bonnie and Meredith and I were in the cemetery? Well, yesterday in Stefan's room I found the apricot ribbon I was wearing that day. I remember it falling out of my hand while I was running, and he must have picked it up and kept it. I haven't told him I know, because he obviously wants to keep it a secret, but that shows, doesn't it, that he cares about m e? I'll tell you someone else who is Not Amused. Caroline. Apparently she's been dragging him off into the photography room for lunch every day, and when he didn't show up today she went searching until she found us. Poor Stefan, he'd forgotten about her completely, and he was shocked at himself Once she left-a nasty unhealthy shade of green, I might add-he told me how she'd attached herself to him the first week of school. She said she'd noticed he didn't really eat at lunch and she didn't either since she was on a diet, and why didn't they go someplace quiet and relax? He wouldn't really say anything bad about her (which I think is his idea of manners again, a gentleman doesn't do that), but he did say there was nothing at all between them. And for Caroline I think being forgotten was worse than if he'd thrown rocks at her. I wonder why Stefan hasn't been eating lunch, though. It's strange in a football player. Uh-oh. Mr. Tanner just walked by and I slammed my note pad over this diary just in time. Bonnie is snickering behind her history book, I can see her shoulders shaking. And Stefan, who's in front of me, looks as tense as if he's going to leap out of his chair any minute. Matt is giving me â€Å"you nut† looks and Caroline is glaring. I am being very, very innocent, writing with my eyes fixed on Tanner up front. So if this is a bit wobbly and messy, you'll understand why. For the last month, I haven't really been myself. I haven't been able to think clearly or concentrate on anything but Stefan. There is so much I've left undone that I'm almost scared. I'm supposed to be in charge of decorations for the Haunted House and I haven't done one thing about it yet Now I've got exactly three and a half weeks to get it organized-and I want to be with Stefan. I could quit the committee. But that would leave Bonnie and Meredith holding the bag. And I keep remembering what Matt said when I asked him to get Stefan to come to the dance: â€Å"You want everybody and everything revolving around Elena Gilbert.† That isn't true. Or at least, if it has been in the past, I'm not going to let it be true anymore. I want-oh, this is going to sound completely stupid, but I want to be worthy of Stefan. I know he wouldn't let the guys on the team down just to suit his own convenience. I want him to be proud of me. I want him to love me as much as I love him. â€Å"Hurry up!† called Bonnie from the doorway of the gym. Beside her the high school janitor, Mr. Shelby, stood waiting. Elena cast one last glance at the distant figures on the football field, then reluctantly crossed the blacktop to join Bonnie. â€Å"I just wanted to tell Stefan where I was going,† she said. After a week of being with Stefan, she still felt a thrill of excitement just saying his name. Every night this week he'd come to her house, appearing at the door around sunset, hands in pockets, wearing his jacket with the collar turned up. They usually took a walk in the dusk, or sat on the porch, talking. Although nothing was said about it, Elena knew it was Stefan's way of making sure they weren't alone together in private. Since the night of the dance, he'd made sure of that. Protecting her honor, Elena thought wryly, and with a pang, because she knew in her heart that there was more to it than that. â€Å"He can live without you for one evening,† said Bonnie callously. â€Å"If you get talking to him you'll never get away, and I'dlike to get home in time for some kind of dinner.† â€Å"Hello, Mr. Shelby,† said Elena to the janitor, who was still patiently waiting. To her surprise, he closed one eye in a solemn wink at her. â€Å"Where's Meredith?† she added. â€Å"Here,† said a voice behind her, and Meredith appeared with a cardboard box of file folders and note pads in her arms. â€Å"I've got the stuff from your locker.† â€Å"Is that all of you?† said Mr. Shelby. â€Å"All right, now, you gals leave the door shut and locked, you hear? That way nobody can get in.† Bonnie, about to enter, pulled up short. â€Å"You're sure there's nobodyalready in?† she said warily. Elena gave her a push between the shoulder blades. â€Å"Hurry up,† she mimicked unkindly. â€Å"I want to get home in time for dinner.† â€Å"There's nobody inside,† said Mr. Shelby, mouth twitching under his mustache. â€Å"But you gals yell if you want anything. I'll be around.† The door slammed shut behind them with a curiously final sound. â€Å"Work,† said Meredith resignedly, and put the box on the floor. Elena nodded, looking up and down the big empty room. Every year the Student Council held a Haunted House as a fund-raiser. Elena had been on the decorating committee for the last two years, along with Bonnie and Meredith, but it was different being chairman. She had to make decisions that would affect everyone, and she couldn't even rely on what had been done in years past. The Haunted House was usually set up in a lumberyard warehouse, but with the growing uneasiness about town it had been decided that the school gym was safer. For Elena, it meant rethinking the whole interior design, and with less than three weeks now until Halloween. â€Å"It's actually pretty spooky here,† said Meredith quietly. And therewas something disturbing about being in the big closed room, Elena thought. She found herself lowering her voice. â€Å"Let's measure it first,† she said. They moved down the room, their footsteps echoing hollowly. â€Å"All right,† said Elena when they had finished. â€Å"Let's get to work.† She tried to shake off her feeling of uneasiness, telling herself that it was ridiculous to feel unsettled in the school gym, with Bonnie and Meredith beside her and an entire football team practicing not two hundred yards away. The three of them sat on the bleachers with pens and notebooks in hand. Elena and Meredith consulted the design sketches for previous years while Bonnie bit her pen and gazed around thoughtfully. â€Å"Well, here's the gym,† said Meredith, making a quick sketch in her notebook. â€Å"And here's where the people are going to have to come in. Now we could have the Bloody Corpse at the very end†¦ By the way, who's going to be the Bloody Corpse this year?† â€Å"Coach Lyman, I think. He did a good job last year, and he helps keep the football guys in line.† Elena pointed to their sketch. â€Å"Okay, we'll partition this off and make it the Medieval Torture Chamber. They'll go straight out of that and into the Room of the Living Dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I think we should have druids,† said Bonnie abruptly. â€Å"Have what?† said Elena, and then, as Bonnie started to yell â€Å"droo-ids,† she waved a quelling hand. â€Å"All right, all right, I remember. But why?† â€Å"Because they're the ones who invented Halloween. Really. It started out as one of their holy days, when they would build fires and put out turnips with faces carved in them to keep evil spirits away. They believed it was the day when the line between the living and the dead was thinnest. And they were scary, Elena. They performed human sacrifices. We could sacrifice Coach Lyman.† â€Å"Actually, that's not a bad idea,† said Meredith. â€Å"The Bloody Corpse could be a sacrifice. You know, on a stone altar, with a knife and pools of blood all around. And then when you get really close, he suddenly sits up.† â€Å"And gives you heart failure,† said Elena, but she had to admit itwas a good idea, definitely scary. It made her feel a little sick just thinking about it. All that blood†¦ but it was only Karo syrup, really. The other girls had gone quiet, too. From the boys' locker next door, they could hear the sound of water running and lockers banging, and over that indistinct voices shouting. â€Å"Practice is over,† murmured Bonnie. â€Å"It must be dark outside.† â€Å"Yes, and Our Hero is getting all washed up,† said Meredith, cocking an eyebrow at Elena. â€Å"Want to peek?† â€Å"I wish,† said Elena, only half jokingly. Somehow, indefinably, the atmosphere in the room had darkened. Just at the moment shedid wish she could see Stefan, could be with him. â€Å"Have you heard anything more about Vickie Bennett?† she asked suddenly. â€Å"Well,† said Bonnie after a moment, â€Å"I did hear that her parents were getting her a psychiatrist.† â€Å"A shrink? Why?† â€Å"Well†¦ I guess they think that those things she told us were hallucinations or something. And I heard her nightmares are pretty bad.† â€Å"Oh,† said Elena. The sounds from the boys' locker room were fading, and they heard an outside door slam. Hallucinations, she thought, hallucinations and nightmares. For some reason, she suddenly remembered that night in the graveyard, that night when Bonnie had sent them all running from something none of them could see. â€Å"We'd better get back to business,† said Meredith. Elena shook herself out of her reverie and nodded. â€Å"We†¦ we could have a graveyard,† Bonnie said tentatively, as if she'd been reading Elena's thoughts. â€Å"In the Haunted House, I mean.† â€Å"No,† said Elena sharply. â€Å"No, we'll just stick with what we have,† she added in a calmer voice, and bent over her pad again. Once again there was no sound but the soft scratching of pens and the rustle of paper. â€Å"Good,† said Elena at last. â€Å"Now we only need to measure for the different partitions. Somebody's going to have to get in behind the bleachers†¦ What now?† The lights in the gym had flickered and gone down to half power. â€Å"Oh,no ,† said Meredith, exasperated. The lights flickered again, went out, and returned dimly once more. â€Å"I can't read a thing,† said Elena, staring at what now seemed to be a featureless piece of white paper. She looked up at Bonnie and Meredith and saw two white blobs of faces. â€Å"Something must be wrong with the emergency generator,† said Meredith. â€Å"I'll get Mr. Shelby.† â€Å"Can't we just finish tomorrow?† Bonnie said plaintively. â€Å"Tomorrow's Saturday,† said Elena. â€Å"And we were supposed to have this done last week.† â€Å"I'll get Shelby,† said Meredith again. â€Å"Come on, Bonnie, you're going with me.† Elena began, â€Å"We could all go-† but Meredith interrupted. â€Å"If we all go and we can't find him, then we can't get back in. Come on, Bonnie, it's only inside the school.† â€Å"But it'sdark there.† â€Å"It's dark everywhere; it's nighttime. Comeon; with two of us it'll be safe.† She dragged an unwilling Bonnie to the door. â€Å"Elena, don't let anybody else in.† â€Å"As if you had to tell me,† said Elena, letting them out and then watching them go a few paces down the hall. At the point at which they began to merge with the dimness, she stepped back inside and shut the door. Well, this was a fine mess, as her mother used to say. Elena moved over to the cardboard box Meredith had brought and began stacking filing folders and notebooks back inside it. In this light she could see them only as vague shapes. There was no sound at all but her own breathing and the sounds she made. She was alone in the huge, dim room- Someone was watching her. She didn't know how she knew, but she was sure. Someone was behind her in the dark gymnasium, watching.Eyes in the dark , the old man had said. Vickie had said it, too. And now there were eyes on her. She whirled quickly to face the room, straining her own eyes to see into the shadows, trying not even to breathe. She was terrified that if she made a sound the thing out there would get her. But she could see nothing, hear nothing. The bleachers were dim, menacing shapes stretching out into nothingness. And the far end of the room was simply a featureless gray fog. Dark mist, she thought, and she could feel every muscle agonizingly tense as she listened desperately. Oh God, what was that soft whispering sound? It must be her imagination†¦ Please let it be her imagination. Suddenly, her mind was clear. She had to get out of this place,now . There was real danger here, not just fantasy. Something was out there, something evil, something that wanted her. And she was all alone. Something moved in the shadows. Her scream froze in her throat. Her muscles were frozen, too, held motionless by her terror-and by some nameless force. Helplessly, she watched as the shape in the darkness moved out of the shadows and toward her. It seemed almost as if the darkness itself had come to life and was coalescing as she watched, taking on form-human form, the form of a young man. â€Å"I'm sorry if I frightened you.† The voice was pleasant, with a slight accent she couldn't place. It didn't sound sorry at all. Relief was so sudden and complete that it was painful. She slumped and heard her own breath sigh out. It was only a guy, some former student or an assistant of Mr. Shelby's. An ordinary guy, who was smiling faintly, as if it had amused him to see her almost pass out. Well†¦ perhaps not quite ordinary. He was remarkably good-looking. His face was pale in the artificial twilight, but she could see that his features were cleanly defined and nearly perfect under a shock of dark hair. Those cheekbones were a sculptor's dream. And he'd been almost invisible because he was wearing black: soft black boots, black jeans, black sweater, and leather jacket. He was still smiling faintly. Elena's relief turned to anger. â€Å"How did you get in?† she demanded. â€Å"And what are you doing here? Nobody else is supposed to be in the gym.† â€Å"I came in the door,† he said. His voice was soft, cultured, but she could still hear the amusement and she found it disconcerting. â€Å"All the doors are locked,† she said flatly, accusingly. He raised his eyebrows and smiled. â€Å"Are they?† Elena felt another quiver of fear, hairs lifting on the back of her neck. â€Å"They were supposed to be,† she said in the coldest voice she could manage. â€Å"You're angry,† he said gravely. â€Å"I said I was sorry to frighten you.† â€Å"I wasn't frightened!† she snapped. She felt foolish in front of him somehow, like a child being humored by someone much older and more knowledgeable. It made her even angrier. â€Å"I was just startled,† she continued. â€Å"Which is hardly surprising, what with you lurking in the dark like that.† â€Å"Interesting things happen in the dark†¦ sometimes.† He was still laughing at her; she could tell by his eyes. He had taken a step closer, and she could see that those eyes were unusual, almost black, but with odd lights in them. As if you could look deeper and deeper until you fell into them, and went on falling forever. She realized she was staring. Why didn't the lights come on? She wanted to get out of here. She moved away, putting the end of a bleacher between them, and stacked the last folders into the box. Forget the rest of the work for tonight. All she wanted to do now was leave. But the continuing silence made her uneasy. He was just standing there, unmoving, watching her. Why didn't he say something? â€Å"Did you come looking for somebody?† She was annoyed with herself for being the one to speak. He was still gazing at her, those dark eyes fixed on her in a way that made her more and more uncomfortable. She swallowed. With his eyes on her lips, he murmured, â€Å"Oh, yes.† â€Å"What?† She'd forgotten what she'd asked. Her cheeks and throat were flushing, burning with blood. She felt so light-headed. If only he'd stoplooking at her†¦ â€Å"Yes, I came here looking for someone,† he repeated, no louder than before. Then, in one step he moved toward her, so that they were separated only by the corner of one bleacher seat. Elena couldn't breathe. He was standing so close. Close enough to touch. She could smell a faint hint of cologne and the leather of his jacket. And his eyes still held hers-she could not look away from them. They were like no eyes she had ever seen, black as midnight, the pupils dilated like a cat's. They filled her vision as he leaned toward her, bending his head down to hers. She felt her own eyes half close, losing focus. She felt her head tilt back, her lips part. No! Just in time she whipped her head to the side. She felt as if she'd just pulled herself back from the edge of a precipice. What am I doing? she thought in shock. I was about to let him kiss me. A total stranger, someone I met only a few minutes ago. But that wasn't the worst thing. For those few minutes, something unbelievable had happened. For those few minutes, she had forgotten Stefan. But now his image filled her mind, and the longing for him was like a physical pain in her body. She wanted Stefan, wanted his arms around her, wanted to be safe with him. She swallowed. Her nostrils flared as she breathed hard. She tried to keep her voice steady and dignified. â€Å"I'm going to leave now,† she said. â€Å"If you're looking for somebody, I think you'd better look somewhere else.† He was looking at her oddly, with an expression she couldn't understand. It was a mixture of annoyance and grudging respect-and something else. Something hot and fierce that frightened her in a different way. He waited until her hand was on the doorknob to answer, and his voice was soft but serious, with no trace of amusement. â€Å"Perhaps I've already found her†¦ Elena.† When she turned, she could see nothing in the darkness.