Ford Motor

Ford Motor Company [pic] Morten Anders Rosenkrands LUC 2004 Table of contents 1. Introduction2 2. What is the history of the Ford Motor Company till today? 3 3. Why is the Ford losing market shares in Denmark? 4 4. What can ford do to counter act this? 5 5. What are the Ford Motor Companies plans for the future? 5 6. Conclusion6 7. Literature list7 1. Introduction In the last 100 years The Ford Motor Company has been a leading contributor to the motor industry because of its dedication to create and design cars for the future.Today Ford is losing out on some of the markets in Europe and I would like to find out why? In the following text I would like to analyze what is the history of the Ford motor Company today? Because I think it is important to look back in time to good understand how it all came to be. I would also like to analyze why is Ford losing market shares in Denmark? And further more what can Ford do to counteract this? To end it all of I am going to write about what are the Ford Motor Companies plans for the future?This should cover the question why the Ford motor Company is losing out on some of the Markets in Europe. In the text in have limited down to why is Ford losing market shares in Denmark? Because if I had taken the Ford Motor Company it would have included other motor companies like Volvo, Mazda, Lincon, Mercury, Land Rover, Jaguar and Aston Martin, and that would have been to extensive. 2. What is the history of the Ford Motor Company till today? It all started in a tiny wagon shop in Detroit staffed with about 10 people.This was the place where the second largest motor company in the world had it’s beginning. The first car the company ever made was sold to a Detroit physician. He purchased a model A Ford just one month after the company had begun. But due to failure of the model A the company was in trouble and something had to be done so the company lunched the model T which immediately became one of Ford biggest success. After 20 years of production the model T was taken off the production line. At the time Ford had sold more than a million model T’s.In 1919 Henry Ford and the companies stockholders got in a fight and they demanded that Henry Ford was taken of the post as president of the company. Henry Ford had no choice and then had to leave his company but the blood stayed in the company because Henry Ford’s son Edsel Ford took over the company. Henry Ford was not company president any more but still played a vital role in Ford because he was now head chairman. People at the time where looking for something more stylish and the model T was not it.So after the production had stooped the company went back and began production of the first model A again because it was a more stylish car but before production started it had under gone a vast improvement. In the next 4 years 4,5 million model A’s rolled of the assembly line. Ford buys Lincon. In the 1930s people began to demand more fro m their cars. They wanted luxury and power and that was exactly what Ford gave them with the Mercury, which was a whole new concept for Ford. Ford had now succeeded in becoming a company that made cars for the middle class.Before that Ford was more for the lower classes of society because of the price. Ford had in the previous years been so cheap that standards had fallen. 1945 Henrys son Edsel Ford, Fords president at the time, dies because of a car accident and Henry Ford now has to go back in the seat as Ford Motor Company’s president but at that time Henry is old and worn out so after 2 years as president Henry’s grand son Henry Ford II becomes president of the company. 2 years later Henry Ford dies as and old man at the age of 83.Edsel Ford remained president until 1960 where he stepped back and became executive officer until 1980. Edsel Ford dies in 1997. 1979 Ford buys Mazda 1987 Ford buys Aston Martin 1990 Ford buys Jaguar 1999 Ford buys Volvo Today another For d is at the steering wheel of Ford. William Clay Ford junior is the present president and CEO of the company. 3. Why is the Ford losing market shares in Denmark? In the last couple of years there has been a tendency that people more often want cars which are more gas economic and are cheaper.Ford is today neither. Ford sold in 2002 Jan-Sept 7045 cars to the Danish market. The year after it only sold Jan-Sept 5227[1] cars. One of Ford main problems today is that is does not have a very good image. People see Ford as a middle class car with low class components and not very good mileage to the liter. One of Fords other problems is that Ford has never gotten very good grades in ncap[2] tests. This also adds to Fords not so good image. 4. What can ford do to counter act this? Strengths |Weaknesses | |Good production facilities, strong leadership, good image in USA, good |Image, quality of their cars, expensive for what you get in terms of | |sales in USA, owns several other car compani es in the world, well known |quality, | |brand, | | |Opportunities |Threats | |WAT in Denmark falls, other car manufactures drop the Danish market, |Prize of oil rises, WAT rises in Denmark, more car manufactures come in | | |to the Danish market, a serious fault is found on Fords cars, | From the SWAT analysis it is easy to see what Ford needs to do if they want to change their image and sell some more cars. In the future Ford should also try to make their cars a bit cheaper so that the quality of the car and the prize are match up. If Ford wants to change their image they should try to have a better-aimed marketing strategy because today Fords marketing strategy is aimed at a very large group of people. This is not the most effective way to sell cars they should instead try to focus on more specific groups of people.The problem for the Danish market is just that people in Denmark are very affected by the gas prizes this is why a lot of fuel economic cars are bought today. So if Ford would like to sell more cars they should try to make their cars more gas economic. This I think combined with good marketing scheme could be a very effective way to sell more cars in Denmark. On the other hand Ford could make their cars more luxuries but that would not be plausible on the Danish market. 5. What are the Ford Motor Companies plans for the future? Ford Motor Company has in the latest years intensified their research in renewable fuels. What they have come up with is that cars in the future could be driving on hydrogen. The good thing about hydrogen engine is that the only exhaust it makes is water.So there would be no problems with the toxic foams cars make today. The down side about the hydrogen engine is that the speed of it is still limited. Ford does not at this time have a plan for when they are going to start producing the hydrogen car but they expect it to be on the streets within 10 years. At the time Ford is desperately trying to change their slumping ima ge by re-lunching several of their old classic cars. In the last to years Ford has re-lunched 3 of their old classics the Ford Mustang, the Ford Thunderbird and the Ford GT40. By re-lunching these models Ford is trying to relive some of the golden years they had in the 1950s and 1960s.On the American market the cars have been a limited success. Although the thunderbird was named car of the year in 2003 the market is at this time getting a little tired of the car and sales have almost stopped completely. [pic] The problem for Ford in Denmark is just that none of these new re-lunched cars are ever going to be sold on the Danish market. The reason why Ford is not going to sell these cars in Denmark is because the Danish market would never buy that kind of fuel guzzling cars. This is what I think today is one of Ford biggest problems because Ford in reality has to design to different cars one for the American market and one for the rest of the world.Almost no other car manufacturer does this they only lunch one model for the entire world. By only lunching one model they can save some money on marketing because some adds can be used on the European markets as well as on the American markets. 6. Conclusion From the text it is easy to see that Ford is a great company with a lot of history and traditions. But today history and traditions do not sell cars people have in the latest years seen an increase in oil prizes that have changed the way they look at cars today. From thinking more about quality and strength people have a tendency to want cars that are cheaper and drive longer on the fuel.This has made it difficult for Ford to compete with the some of the Chinese car manufactures witch have a long line of tradition in making cheap and fuel economic cars. One of the things Ford then could do is to make more fuel economic cars or change their strategy and make cheaper cars so that their current prize and the cars quality match. This is why Ford in the future has plan s for hydrogen cars. Ford is also at the moment trying to change their image by re-lunching so of the companies most popular cars from the 1950s and 1960s. 7. Literature list Homepages: www. ford. com www. motormagasinet. dk ———————– [1] Sales numbers from www. transportmagasinet. dk/statestikcenter/bilsalgstal-sept-2003. pdf [2] ncap is a European car test agency where they test cars in crash tests.

Importance of Performance Appraisal

A major challenge for every business owner or manager is to have employees who are passionate about what they do and constantly strives to perform at their best. Many managers take the integrated approach known as Performance Management, to manage the performance, consisting of setting goals, training employees and then appraising and rewarding them (hrm). It can be explained as a process that consolidates goal setting, performance appraisal and development into single, common system, the aim of which is to ensure that the employee’s performance is supporting the strategic aims. (hrm book 315).. A performance management system would be only effective when the employees in Mambo are clear about their duties and job standards and the organizational goals so that they work with their full potential to meet organizational objectives. Mambo should develop a well planned performance management system as it will provide information on taking decision about the promotion and salary of the new as well as currently employed staff members. Moreover it would provide the senior management (Brett and Simone) to review the employee’s work related behaviour and developing a plan for correcting any deficiencies both for manager and employee as well. During the implementation of the performance management system the organisation has to expressly pay attention to fostering and improving the behavioral factors of performance management, in order to increase the chances of better result by the use of performance management system. A key element of Performance Management System is Performance Appraisal as it identifies, evaluates and develops employee performance to meet employee and organizational goals Brett and Simone have to choose an appraisal method so that actual performance can be measured as to what has been set in the organisation. Selecting one appropriate method from many is not easy as. It is The classification of appraisal methods helps make it more straightforward. If conducted properly appraisals can achieve a number of benefits for all parties. The organization, the manager and the appraisee can: establish current levels of performance and benchmark across departments or functions; identify ways of improving performance, individually and collectively; set clear goals for the future; assess potential and desire for development; establish the appropriate means of motivation; and improve communication throughout. Mambo would be benefited in reviewing the performance of the employees by using the balance scorecard method as it is a measurement –based management system that translates organizational vision and strategy into action. (hrm 321). Under the balanced scorecard system, financial measures are the outcome, but do not give a good indication of what is or will be going on in the organization. Measures of customer satisfaction, growth and retention is the current indicator of company performance, and internal operations(efficiency, speed, reducing non-value added work, minimizing quality problems) and human resource systems and development are leading indicators of company performance(hrm 321) A performance measurement system such as the Balanced Scorecard allows an agency to align its strategic activities to the strategic plan. It permits — often for the first time — real deployment and implementation of the strategy on a continuous basis. ( balance score card, bsc,and performance management, David Chaudron, oct 2000 (www. articles911. com/Performance_Management/Balanced_Scorecard) By this approach Mambo can track and improve its strategic performance and results by developing, measuring, collecting and analyzing the data from both internal business processes and external business processes and can get feedback needed to guide the planning efforts. This meth od not only analyses how the organisation has been doing, but also how well it is doing (â€Å"current indicators†) and can expect to do in the future (â€Å"leading indicators†). It provides a clear picture of reality. As their current strategy is to focus on the global competition they are about to face from the existing players of the market they need to integrate the performance appraisal into an ongoing culture of communication where regular feedback is part of a culture of success. Ultimately, goal of Brett and Simone, when conducting performance appraisals should be to impart a true appraisal of the employee’s performance (including behavior and attitude) from management’s perspective. Employees typically are anxious at the prospect of receiving negative comments on their work, and managers may be uncomfortable offering that criticism. When done correctly, however, appraisals can be positive experiences that motivate staff members to reach their potential and achieve their professional goals. In addition to assessing past performance, appraisal meetings provide an ideal opportunity to look at future objectives. Encourage employees to stret ch their abilities, yet make sure goals are realistic. Performance evaluations allow employer to reinforce expectations and communicate with your staff one-on-one about their career objectives and simultaneously provides an overview to establish the standards of remunerating employees. An increasingly large number of corporations have explored how rewards, particularly money, could be linked to desired behavior and/or performance outcomes to improve effectiveness. This has led to widespread and growing development of pay for-performance plans. â€Å"Pay for performance† refers to any compensation system that links pay and performance. A pay-for-performance system is only as successful as the performance management program on which it depends. There are two categories of pay merit pay and variable pay. The type of performance evaluation most often associated with merit pay plans are appraisals that focus on individual performance and typically use a combination of quantitative and qualitative performance elements thus Brett and Sim one must use the concept of merit pay, which would link the individual performance with the mission of the organization. pay for Performance: Your Performance Management Program Is the Foundation, jay Schust, april 2007 , http://www. work911. com/cgi-bin/links/jump. cgi? ID=773) However attracting, motivating and rewarding employees is about much more than wages and salaries. Mambo should establish a clear line of sight between business strategies and total reward philosophies so that an effective strategy can be formulated for attracting, motivating and retaining employees(hrm 373) Total rewards refer to monetary and non monetary rewards made up of salaries/wages and benefits an employee get for performing a certain job. As the employees with high salary and incentives are less likely to quit the organisation and work with their full potential to reach organizational goal. (hrm 373), thus Brett and Simone should make an effective pay structure for the employees. They should offer bonus on top of the salaries to the employees, if they achieve the desired targets set by the company. This can be done during performance appraisal by balance score card approach as it measures the performance of employees in terms of strategic improvement of the organisation. Title: The effect of performance management on the organizational results of a bank Author(s): Andre A. de Waal, Vincent Coevert Journal: International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management ISSN: 1741-0401 Year: 2007 Volume: 56 Issue: 5/6 Page: 397 – 416 DOI: 10. 1108/17410400710757114 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited title Performance appraisal across organizational life cycles. Chen, Hai-Ming1 Kuo, Tung-Sheng Human Systems Management; 2004, Vol. 23 Issue 4, p227-233, 7p sorce Time to Reappraise Performance Appraisals. Find More Like This Receivables Report for America's Health Care Financial Managers; Jun2007, Vol. 22 Issue 6, p10-11, 2p By Lauren Stiller Rikleen .( balance score card, bsc,and performance management, David Chaudron, oct 2000 (www. articles911. com/Performance_Management/Balanced_Scorecard Developing Effective Performance Reviews. By Max Messme, business source complete, .( Getting the most from appraisals — from both sides of the desk. Find More Like This Yemm, Graham1 Source: Management Services Management Services, Spring2005, Vol. 49 Issue 1, p36-37, 2p, 2c; )

George adams President of SA Recycling Assignment

George adams President of SA Recycling - Assignment Example The business commenced about thirty-five years ago through Adams’ father, who then owned a single scrap metal facility located in Anaheim, which later became known as SA Recycling. The business has grown significantly and now covers forty locations in three states, and has employed 1,500 workers and processes almost two million tons of recycled metals in a year† (Citizen of the Year 2010). Mr. Adams is an attorney by profession, after graduating from â€Å"Western State University in 1984, where he earned his Juris Doctor degree† (Citizen of the Year 2010). Aside from being a lawyer, Adams was also elected as â€Å"Chairman of the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. (ISRI) in 2008. ISRI is a private, non-profit trade association which based in Washington, D.C, also regarded as the Voice of the Recycling Industry† (Citizen of the Year 2010). This group represents more than â€Å"1,600 private, stock and profit corporations who process, acting as b rokers and may also be consumers† (Citizen of the year 2010) of scrap materials such as â€Å"old and new metals, glass, rubber, paper and plastics† (ISRI.org). The advocacies of ISRI are also laudable as they provide education, training, and promoting public awareness on the importance of recycling to help our Mother Earth.

Long term investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Long term investment - Research Paper Example e discussion will expound on various examples: long-term investments, reasons for investing, how to identifying the best form of investment, and how people can  apply  long-term investment in personal and financial situations. The discussion focuses on helping people understand and apply the information in their personal finances. According to Norris (2010), there are many examples of long-term investments. Land is one of the long-term investment option that most of the people use. A piece of land continues to be a valuable asset because  virtually  no one can survive without land. Preference of land is high, because conversion into money is not within a short  duration  of time and so the benefits increases. Land  mostly  appreciates rather than depreciating and so it serves as a  guarantee  to increased amount of money than the initial cost. It is an excellent  choice  of long-term  investment  because once available it can be developed. Once the  development  takes place it increases in value, and it is  permanent. Increased population makes the  demand  of land higher on a daily basis. Various studies reveal that due to the increased population size houses is in high demand. Shelter is one of the human basic needs and, therefore, investing in real estate for rent guarantee high returns within minimum  duration  of time (Norris, 2010). Rental buildings require investment in just the initial capital to kick-start and then enjoy the  rent  income for the rest of the time (Tyson & Brown, 2012). A house is a  fixed  asset, which means that it is permanent unless a natural calamity strikes. Various financial stakeholders have taken an  initiative  in funding  building  of rental houses through loans and mortgages. It is with this reason that most of the people are choosing it as a  method  of long-term investment. The risks involved in rental houses are minimal and, on the other hand, the advantages are making it a favorable  choice  of investments. Stocks or

Research Project Proposal (How is text messaging affecting teen Paper

Project Proposal (How is text messaging affecting teen literacy) - Research Paper Example Very small empirical studies have been conducted on the impacts of text-messaging to the teenagers to determine the validity of this concern. Generally text messaging has proved generate negative responses from the teachers, language experts, and also parents. This has ended up being described as continued mugging of technology to written English (Lee, 2002). According to (Plester et al., 2009), there exist a positive effect of the use of text-messaging amongst the children. This has not affected their knowledge and performance on standard measures of academic literacy and achievements. Research done to teenagers and young adults has shown that some negative relationships have been proved to exist text behavior and the use of language skills. However, the use of textese-texting language is associated positively with traditional literacy skills (Kemp, 2010). The study intends to use both primary and secondary sources of gathering data. The researcher will formulate focus groups of 5-10 teenagers in schools to help in gathering the data. Interviews will also be used to determine individual concerns about the use of this change in technology- the interviews will be conducted orally and using open ended questions that will offer information for analysis. There will be the use of statistical application of programs for the analysis of the

The Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg - Essay Example In fact, some scholars would estimate that without the Civil War the United States might never have become the country that it became. More so, if it were not for two definitive battles of the Civil War, the Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, then the United States we built would be very different from the one we have today; if we survived at all as a nation. That said understanding the importance of these battles will help us to comprehend why these battles are so significant and if they were such definitive â€Å"turning points† in the war, then why did the war continue on, nearly, another 2 years? By finding the answers to these questions will grant us a greater, broader, picture of how the United States became the country we are today. History . The definitive battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg did not occur until 1863, the Civil War began 2 years earlier. The causes of the Civil War can be summarized in 5 specific contributory elements. In fact, these tensions had been growing since the founding of this country in 1776. 1. The Economic & Social Differences between North and South. By the late 1700s cotton crops were incredibly valuable and profitable. The South developed an agricultural, one crop economy. They were exclusively dependent on the success and sail of their cotton crops and on the inexpensive slave labor that tended them. The North was focused on city life and industrialization. They could already compete with the South’s ability to clean, process, and manufacturer cotton goods. 2. State vs. Federal Rights. Many in America pushed for the supremacy of state’s individual rights and that they should have the right to determine what federal involvement they would accept. While others pushed for greater federal government to unify and force the hand of states. 3. Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. The argument over whether new states formed would be slave states, free states, or would have the right to choose for themselve s was a heated one. This created serious division between supporters and opposers of slavery in the United States. 4. Growth of the Abolition Movement. The Abolitionist movement, further inspired by the publishing of â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† and the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act, fueled Northern disdain and hatred for Southern slave-owners. 5. The Election of Abraham Lincoln. Although tensions were already high, Lincoln’s election inspired South Carolina to submit its intention to secede from the United States because Lincoln favored northern interests, and was opposed to slavery. Even before Lincoln took the office, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia, also, intended to join South Carolina (Kelly 2013). By 1861 Fort Sumter, in South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor, contained the last federal holding within the Southern seceding states. Cut off from supplies and reinforcements, the men of Fort Sumter were suffering. On April 11, 1863 Conf ederate soldiers led by Jefferson C, Davis, no relation to the Confederate President, ordered the evacuation of Fort Sumter, delivered personally to Union Major Robert Anderson. Although Anderson thanked the envoy for the courteous and respectfully presented request, he declined to obey the order. As the Confederate envoy left the Fort, it would be only a few short hours before, at 4:30 in the morning; the first battle of Civil War would be fought. Confederate General Pierre Gustavo Beauregard ordered his men to open fire

Writing assignment on the movie American History X Essay

Writing assignment on the movie American History X - Essay Example One of the adolescents escapes while Derek smashes the cranium of one of the adolescents against the pavement. This is a movie about racism. It is also about the effects of racism on the psyches of Danny and Derek Vinyard. Derek gets convicted for assaulting the black adolescents and is sent to prison for three years. This movie is a perspective of the multiplying effect of racial animosity and how it can cause a person to overreact. While incarcerated, Derek adopts a nationalistic white supremacist posture. The element which adds interest to this cinematic work is that Derek is intelligent and articulate. Derek believes that Americans should be given opportunities to work. Derek articulates this point to such a degree that he motivates the adolescents in the neighborhood to attack and rampage through a Korean grocery establishment. Derek justifies this by stating that the Korean establishment should have hired at least one or two Americans rather than hire forty Mexican migrant workers. The quote from the book titled: Higher Learning in America 1980- 2000 which states: â€Å"It is a generation which defines itself more by its differences than its similarities† (Levine, 1993 p 336) applies again when Derek in confronted in the correctional facility and is rescued from white supremacists who sexually assault him. Derek is rescued by a black man who later becomes his friend and coworker in the correctional facility laundry. This black man who ironically saves Derek from members of his own race who sexual assault him is named Lamont (Guy Torry). In this part of the movie titled : American History X, it is demonstrated that there are two sides to every story. The quote from the book titled: Higher Learning in America 1980- 2000 by Arthur Levine which states: â€Å"It is a generation more defined by its differences than its similarities† (Levine 1993 p 336) becomes more and more

Managerial Accounting and Organizational Controls Essay - 1

Managerial Accounting and Organizational Controls - Essay Example Under the elimination of costs, one of the secretaries under the administrator would need to be eliminated. However, security would not be affected because it is a factor that is very necessary within a mental health agency. Dr. White could begin preparing for reduced budgets by, first, advising the present staff of the proposed eliminated in costs. She should advise them that the costs are necessary in order to maintain the operation and well-being of the agency. Additionally, Dr. White could also review the resumes of the present employees and interview them again to derive more of their skills. These skills could be used to replace the services that will be eliminated by the proposed budget cuts. Under the traditional method, the cost of advertising and warehouse expense allocated to both of the two major businesses, one manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use in circuses, etc. and the other sells bicycles to the public, was 2.5 million for the cost of advertising and 1.5 million for warehouse expense. Since the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use yields a greater profit (150 million) than the business that sells bicycles to the public (20 million), it is recommended that the majority of the cost of advertising and warehouse expense be allocated to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use. ... Part B: Under the traditional method, the cost of advertising and warehouse expense allocated to both of the two major businesses, one manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use in circuses, etc. and the other sells bicycles to the public, was 2.5 million for the cost of advertising and 1.5 million for warehouse expense.Since the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use yields a greater profit (150 million) than the business that sells bicycles to the public (20 million), it is recommended that the majority of the cost of advertising and warehouse expense be allocated to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use. Moreover, $4,937,500 should be allocated for the cost of advertising to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use, and only $62,500 should be allocated for the cost of advertising of the business that sells bicycles to the public.Additionally, $2,962,500 should be allocated for warehouse expense to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use while only $37,500 should be allocated for warehouse expense to the business that sells bicycles to the public. However, there are certain issues that may arise from allocating too many expenses to each of the businesses. For example: if one of the businesses is allocated too much money for advertising, the other business may suffer because it would not have enough money in its budget to advertise properly and effectively.Also, if a business is allocated too little expenses, the business could lose out on certain business ventures that may benefit the company and yield a

The Great Gatsby - Element of Fiction - The Plot Essay

The Great Gatsby - Element of Fiction - The Plot - Essay Example Nick Carraway, Jay Gatsby, and Daisy Buchanan. She is Nick’s cousin (Fitzgerald 2). Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s husband and Nick’s classmate. Jordan Baker a long time friend to the Buchanan’s family (Gross & Jean 29). Myrtle Wilson Tom’s mistress. The final major character is George B. Wilson Myrtle’s husband. Nick then had moved to the West Egg. Daisy, Nick’s cousin is married to Tom (Gross & Jean 43). They live close to New York City in a town known as East Egg. Tom is tremendously wealthy. For this reason, Daisy had married him (Fitzgerald 12). Nick regularly visits his cousin’s family in East Egg. Where Nick lives, he is neighbored by a wealthy man known as Gatsby. Gatsby throws parties weekly. Nick visits Daisy one evening at her home for dinner. He is introduced to a beautiful girl Jordan. Jordan and Nick start up a romantic relationship (Fitzgerald 25). Through Jordan, Nick learns that Tom has an affair with Myrtle Wilson. Myrtle is a wife to a gas station owner (Gross & Jean 46). One evening, Tom invites Nick to a party in New York. He also invites his mistress Myrtle Tom picks Myrtle on his way to the party. Myrtle gets drunk to uncontrollable levels, while at the party (Fitzgerald 30). She is, therefore, not keen on what she says. She makes fun of Daisy. This hugely angers Nick. For this reason, Nick beats her up (Gross & Jean 51). Actually breaks her nose. Gatsby had fallen in love with Daisy five years ago. Then he was a poor military man. Daisy had opted to marry Tom who is richer (Fitzgerald 45). This was after Gatsby had gone to participate in the war. Gatsby was so determined (Gross & Jean 57). He wanted t get rich. This would help him win Daisy back. This had challenged Gatsby to gain wealth rapidly. He did this through illegal deals of selling prohibited alcohol (Gross & Jean 63). He had then bought the mansion. This was to be close enough to daisy. Gatsby has gained immense wealth (Fitzgerald 47). He plans on

Risk Management Approach Essay Example for Free

Risk Management Approach Essay We have recently have been privileged in meeting and hearing the President of the United States of America speak at our school. Before his arrival we, and the secret service would had to have perform risk management approach ensuring the safety of the president and everyone in the vicinity of the president. It is important that before his arrival we are able to identify all the potential risks when he comes to Hartford. Secondly after identifying the risks we given the task of dealing, and prevention of these risks. Do to the high profile and importance the president is to our nation we need make sure and guarantee his safety from the airport to the University of Hartford and back again on to Air Force One. There are many risks when transporting such an important person. Risks include terrorist attack where someone plants bombs or IED on campus. There is also the threat of potential a gunman/gunmen while the president is speaking or when they are transporting him to his desired destination. It is a lot more difficult to protect Obama when he is not in the white house. Other risks may include trespassers or unwanted people entering the campus while the president is speaking. The president is very vulnerable when he steps out of his plane and when he is outside getting out of armored limo. He is also very vulnerable when he standing alone giving his speech on the stage. All of these risks are possible and its important we realize that they are there. After identifying the risks associated with the Presidents visit we now have to deal with them. As protocol we normally transport the president in the Beast a heavily armored limo that can deflect any attacks. We also have two identical limos so that if attacked the chance of someone picking the right car is minimized. Incase the limo is unprintable or there is something that prevents the President from driving to the school we have helicopters that can transport him by air to the campus. With the many roads leading to the campus we map the quickest way to get there and all emergency roads routes that can be used in emergency. In the invitation we sent out to the school, we kindly ask people to not bring any bottles and as few possessions as  possible to ensure nothing dangerous enters the gym. To prevent a complete loss in leadership if the President was to be left incapable of leading the nation we normally never bring both the President and Vice President to the same place and we are always able to have someone left in charge. To take preventive actions against all risks, we are only allowing students, teachers of the University of Hartford to attend, and those who are personally invited by the White House. Secondly either police or secret service teams will guard all entrances and exits. We are thus able to limit the number of outsiders from entering the premises of the school and gym. We are also going to have all roads that the motorcade is going to be traveling on so that there is no obstruction and the president can get to his destination. To prevent any potential risks like gunmen from entering the gymnasium that may be a threat to the president all secret service members are armed to protect the perimeter and eliminate the threat. Along with armed security we are having airport like security, which metal detectors so that anything like guns or other lethal weapons will be detected. With the threat of possible terrorist attacks, bomb-sniffing dogs are going to be deployed to sniff out any explosives all throughout the sports center and campus. Lastly incase the roads are blocked while driving and there is a potential threat within the area, Marine 1 will be on standby to airlift the president immediately to the airport where he board Air force 1. With all these risks identified we were able to take the appropriate actions necessary to prevent them. With well planning a guarantee that the president will have safe passage to and from the school. On the campus we make sure that there is no possible points of entry for a dangerous person to enter, and to make sure no weapons which may make its way into the build or on the campus.

Media Regulation and Ownership

Media Regulation and Ownership Media Ownership The concern surrounding the concentration of mass media ownership is hardly a new topic. In 1970, the Davey Committee on the Mass Media was the first to sound the alarm bell. Daily newspapers in particular were falling into fewer and fewer concentrations of corporate hands. For example, in 1990, 17.3% of daily newspapers were independently owned. In 2005 a sad 1% was independently owned. These findings, among other things, caused the Senate Standing Committee on Transport and Communications to launch a study on Canadian news media in March 2003. Prior to that, another government inquiry, the Kent Royal Commission on Newspapers, brought these fears to light. By then, three big chains controlled fifty seven percent of the daily circulation; this is up from forty five percent in the short time since Davey issued his report. In studying the condition of the newspaper industry, both the Davey Committee and the Kent Commission noted the growing concentration of newspaper ownership were res ponsible for wide spread social costs. The Canadian newspaper markets and the accompanying rise of chain ownership would surely lead to a reduction of the news and views presented in the press. This would ultimately threaten the publics right to freedom of expression by restricting the number and diversity of voices heard in the daily press. Today, the concentration of newspaper ownership is far worse than either the Davey or Kent studies could have imagined. The three biggest chains now control more than seventy four percent of daily circulation. One company alone, the Can West Global, owns or controls more than forty percent of English language circulation. What is very troubling is the fact that there exists a complete monopoly of the daily press in Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. In respect to previously mentioned facts, it is clear that the introduction of a legislation to curb the concentration of media ownership in Canada is long due. Confronted with this possibility in the past, media owners have bickered that such measures would encroach on their individual rights and transgress freedom of the press. While being conscious of this argument, the truth is that the case for imposing limits on media ownership is based solely on democratic, social and journalistic concerns. The media’s social responsibility makes them unlike any other commercial activity. Freedom of the press is not just the proprietary right of owners to do as they see fit, it is a right of the Canadian people. For the right to be valued we need to encourage diversity and openness in the media. This means creating policies to encourage wider involvement in media industries by numerous individuals, and switch the concentration of media power in fewer and fewer hands. Many countries have used and practiced this simple principle and have developed procedures to control the threat of media ownership concentration. An example of a region that is currently taking action is the European Commission. The European Commission is proposing legislation to confine the reach of big media corporations and manage the spread of cross-media ownership, as such can have a huge effect on information which in some situations can be priceless. Another great example is what is occurring in Britain. Television broadcasters in Britain are confined to fifteen percent of the national audience. In the case of newspaper mergers, the British Monopolies and Mergers Commission is obligated to evaluate the impact on the accu rate presentation of news and free expression of opinion when deciding whether to approve a merger. Sweden is another county that is taking action. Sweden has a long standing press grant whereby a number of newspapers, not always funded by private corporate advertisers, are provided public financing. The Italian Broadcasting Act of 1990 sets tangible limits on media concentration. Under the law, no one person or company may own or manage more than twenty percent of all the media In Germany, whenever a merger allows a company to control a precise press market or reinforce its already scheming position, the federal cartel office is forced to intrude to stop the merger. The policies have been used several times and with some outstanding success. Not too long ago, the cartel office banned Springer from acquiring monopoly control of the Munich newspaper market. The French government checks any group or individual from owning more than thirty percent of the daily press. However, if a company or individual has extensive interests in the broadcast media, it may only control up to ten percent of the daily press. The Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom is urging the government to take action in an attempt to help encourage and defend a free and democratic press. I believe that legislation aimed at tackling the problem of media ownership concentration should have a least three broad goals. First, constrain and ultimately reverse the current level of media ownership concentration. Second, supply procedures that will encourage a diversity of media ownership. Lastly, make sure that the media effectively live up to their social responsibility and offer a wider variety of exposure and content Most developed countries have legislation that restrictions the amount of media holdings any company or individual can own. Others are functioning positively to limit cross-media ownership. Compared to developed countries, Canada has very weak requirements. There is not much to prevent or stop one company from dominating and controlling the newspaper, television or radio markets in the country. In a free and democratic society, that is clearly intolerable Precise restrictions on ownership limits are necessary. However, the Competition Bureau, the federal body which controls mergers and acquisitions, also needs to take a more vigorous role in defending the public from the adverse affect of mergers in the media area. In order to tackle the pressing problems, it would be a good idea for the following suggestions to be given power in legislation. The first proposal would be the total number of daily newspapers, radio stations, or television stations owned by one company or individual in any market should not exceed thirty five percent. Secondly, no one company or individual should directly or indirectly manage or control more than twenty five percent of the distribution of daily newspapers in Canada. Thirdly, to limit cross-media ownership concentration, it should be proposed that no one person or company may own or control more than twenty percent of all the media. Lastly, the current Competition Act should be altered so that it includes the following part: The Director of Research and Investigation should state whether or not a merger concerning media interests may be likely to function against the public interest, taking into account all matters which appear in the particular circumstances to be relevant and having regard to the need for precise presentation of news and free expression of diverse opinion. Limiting the amount of worth one company can manage is a significant step towards protecting freedom of expression. However, it will only be efficient if it came with measures to encourage new owners to enter the market and to support other forms of ownership. There is now substantial evidence presented to propose that a high degree of concentration of ownership makes it nearly impossible for new parties to enter the market. To tackle these problems, the following measures should be taken into consideration. First, the legislation should be enacted to provide special tax inducements and interest-free loans for the establishment of new newspapers by small local investors, community groups, and non-profit organizations. Second, tax incentives and interest free loans should be provided to encourage employee purchases of media properties. And thirdly, the future role of the CBC/SRC and provincial public service broadcasters is crucial to ensuring a diverse broadcasting network. Public broadcasters should be guaranteed adequate and stable multi-year financing coupled with a renewed mandate clarifying their public service goals. Media concentration can and will give birth to a number of dangers namely. These dangers include single minded perspectives on major events and debates, information handling, and the eradication of alternative views and opinions. The impact on free speech independence will be devastating. The fear of being sacked and punishments from top level managers might pressure the journalists to self-censor. However, the increase of media concentration is matched by an equally alarming shift toward collection. This occurs as non-media corporations directly or indirectly gain holdings in the media sector, a development that raises the spectre of potential editorial interference. Clearly, the increasing reach and power of these corporations gives new urgency to concerns about who controls them and whose interests they serve. Given these concerns, introducing the following legislative measures might help to encourage responsibility on the part of the current media controllers and to help diversify coverage and content. First, to further develop editorial independence from managerial interference, legislation should establish a code of professional practice to protect journalists and other media workers from possible obstructions Second, in connection with a reform of the current libel law, legislation should be enacted establishing a right of reply to inaccurate or misleading reporting. Third, the self-regulatory press councils and the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council have often proven to be ineffective in dealing with public complaints about media coverage. A proposal, that an independent and publicly accountable body, a Media Commission, be established to investigate such complaints, report publicly on its findings, and order any redress where it has decided an infraction has occurred. Fourth, media corporations, particular those involved in other sectors of the economy, should be required to provide full details about their ownership holdings and a statement of the relationship to be maintained between the editorial department, including the editor and publisher in the case of newspapers, and the corporation. Fifth, broadcasters are currently required to set aside a small amount of time for public service organizations and community groups. A similar policy should be developed whereby daily newspapers would be required to set aside a modest amount of space for community groups and local non-profit organizations. Such a requirement would help ensure more diversity of voices and issues in the press. In Conclusion, most democratic societies recognize the need to ensure the printed word and visual image should not be overly monopolized. If diversity of opinion lies at the heart of democracy, then surely no one individual or company should be permitted to preside over what Canadians see, hear, and read. The reserved legislative proposals outlined earlier, if accepted, would represent an important step toward encouraging wider diversity, openness, and choice in our media. It would encourage this by limiting and reversing the concentration of media power into fewer and fewer hands. If immediate actions are not taken, the range of news and information the Canadian public receives will be further restricted, as the pool of those who own and control its content will continue to shrink. As a result from this, what we see and hear will be what one or two individuals decide is best for us.

Voices Of Women Writers Lesson Essay -- essays research papers fc

Parents play a crucial role in the development of children, varying from culture to culture. Although imperative, the mother and daughter relationship can be trivial. Many women writers have exercised their knowledge and shared their feelings in their works to depict the importance and influence of mothers upon daughters. Jamaica Kincaid, Maxine Hong Kingston, and Kiana Davenport are only three of the many women writers who have included mother and daughter themes in their texts. These writers explore the journeys of women in search of spiritual, mental and individual knowledge. As explained by these authors, their mothers' words and actions often influence women both negatively and positively. These writers also show the effects of a mother's lesson on a daughter, while following women's paths to discovery of their own voice or identity. In Kincaid's poem, Girl; Hong Kingston's novel, Woman Warrior; and Davenport's short story, The Lipstick Tree, various themes are presented in cont rasting views and contexts, including the influence of mothers upon daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said that a girl can often develop some of her mother's characteristics. Although, in their works, Kincaid, Hong Kingston and Davenport depict their protagonists searching for their own identities, yet being influenced in different ways by their mothers. Jamaica Kincaid's poem Girl, is about a young woman coming-of-age receiving helpful advice from her mother. In this poem, Kincaid addresses several issues where a mother's influence is beneficial to a young woman's character. The mother, or speaker, in Girl, offers advice to her daughter- advice that she otherwise would not learn without being told or shown. The mother advises the daughter about everyday tasks, and how to go about them properly (in her opinion). 'Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap; wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to day; don't walk bare-head in the hot sun;…this is how to sew on a button; this is how to make a buttonhole for the button you have just sewed on; … this is how you sweep a corner; this is how you sweep the whole house…'; Most importantly, the mother offers advice that only a mother should. Although she is being informative and authoritative, the mother's tone is often condescending. In particul... ...m, falling asleep wrapped in the smell of her childhood…She climbed to the top of the bunker again, and studied the horizon, seeing herself decanted into the future, going even further than WeWak…';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jamaica Kincaid, Maxine Hong Kingston, Kiana Davenport utilize the methods of fiction and non-fiction to represent influential relationships such as the mother and daughter. In each of these texts, the writers present their perspective and knowledge, varying by culture and context. From each writer, the expression that individuality and lessons learned from mothers are essential for the development for a woman's identity. But most importantly, these writers evoke that it is beneficial to discover femininity and strength by going beyond tradition and the norm. Works Cited Davenport, Kiana. The Lipstick Tree. Women Writers coursepack. Fall 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.crwrl.utexas.e du/~natasha/usauto_html/kingston/gender.html.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kincaid, Jamica. Girl. Women Writers coursepack. Fall 1999   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kingston, Maxine Hong. The Woman Warrior. Random House: NY, April 1976.

Police Brutality Essay -- The Growing Epidemic of Police Violence

Policing places men and women in an often dangerous and stressful role, dealing with suspects at every level of criminal offenses. In such situations, an incident may arise that needs to be dealt with decisively. Policing agencies have strict guidelines, categorizing forcible coercion into separate levels of severity. It is when an officer uses a more than acceptable means of coercion that this physical manipulation becomes excessive. Police brutality is arguably the most publicized form of Police misconduct, especially in recent history. There are several points of view to be examined, including the offender’s, the victim’s and the public’s reaction to the incident. It is clear that this is one of the most controversial aspects of policing, concerning the dangers that come along with the delicate balance of power and discretion allowed to a select group and amount of observation required. Any interaction between police and the public could easily turn into a situation leading to violence. A simple traffic stop could turn violent, but the deciding factors are the officer in question and the suspect. Because there is no concrete definition to the amount of force reasonably required to deal with a suspect, it is hard to follow the growth or declinations in police brutality across the country. It seems that the most closely examined and often the most controversial cases of police brutality are those that are accompanied by tape of the incident. The most famous being the Rodney King Assault in which a black motorist, following a high speed chase, was pulled from his vehicle and beaten. The following year, after the four officers in question were acquitted of charges, the Los Angeles Riots of 1992 ensued, though there ... ...y (pp. xi-xiii). New York City: NYU Press. Retrieved April 14, 2009 Lawrence, R. G. (2000). The politics of force: media and the construction of police brutality (pp. 13-15). University of California Press. Retrieved April 14, 2009 Kleg, M. (1993). Hate, Prejudice, and Racism (pp. 13-15). Albany: State University of New York. Retrieved April 14, 2009 Street Battle's at Night [Editorial]. (1919). New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2009 Cohen, H. (1986). Exploiting Police Authority. Criminal Justice Ethics Volume:5 Issue:2 Dated:(Summer-Fall 1986). United States. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Goldstein, H. (1975). Police Corruption – A Perspective on its Nature and Control. United States. Police Foundation Newburn, Tim. (1999). Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons From the Literature. Research Development Statistics.

Arthur Conan Doyle :: essays research papers

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was more than just an author. He was a knight, a soldier, a spiritualist, a whaler, a doctor, a journalist, and most of all, he was adventurous. He was not the quiet type of person, so he enjoyed expressing himself. Arthur Conan Doyle was born on the 22nd of May 1859 in Picardy Place, Edinburgh. The second child of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley, he was thought t have been named after the legendary medieval king, Arthur, of the Round Table. Doyle was also named after his granduncle, Michael Edward Conan. He was a descendant of the Irish, and was of the Roman Catholic religion. Doyle had a grandfather, John Doyle. He was political cartoonist, who, financially supported the family.1 Doyle had a pretty rough home life because his father was an alcoholic. As he grew up, Doyle had to take more of the responsibilities around the house into his own hands, because his father was either too sick or drunk to fulfill his daily work at home. Doyle's mother, Mary Foley, wa s a homemaker who took care of her son Arthur and his brothers and sisters, and also worked and cleaned the house everyday.2 Doyle's early education started when he was about seven years old. His mother spent lots of time reading with him and tutoring him, because this is what she thought he needed to become a cultured gentleman. When Doyle was ten years old he left home and went to the Jesuit Preparatory school named Hodder House. This was a boarding school for young boys. Arthur hated this school. Doyle once stated that Hodder House "was a little more pleasant than being confined in a prison." While attending Hodder House, he studied chemistry, poetry, geometry, arithmetic, and grammar. After his experiences at Jesuit Preparatory school, he left and applied for Stonyhurst Academy. Doyle was accepted for enrollment into Stonyhurst and remained there for about five more years. While at Stonyhurst, Doyle, who excelled in cricket, demonstrated some very early signs of litera ry talent. At the academy, he became quite good at telling stories and reading aloud.3 Doyle started reading his old favorite books from his childhood. His favorite childhood writer was Mayne Reid, who wrote The Scalp Hunters. This was his favorite book while he was progressing through life.4 During his last year before attending medical school, Doyle went to Feldkirch, a school in Austria.

‘Poetry Teaches Us About Life and the World Around Us

‘Poetry teaches us about life and the world around us. ’ The two poems â€Å"Martin and the Hand Grenade† by John Foulcher and â€Å"Beach Burial† by Kenneth Slessor both discuss different aspects of war and war times teaching us about life and the world around us. â€Å"Martin and the hand grenade† explores the notion that man has a violet streak which can lead to destruction, Foulcher depicts many aspects of war such as the mental impacts as well as some physical impacts and aspects of the grenade. Emphasising the difference in how adults and children interpret warfare. Beach Burial† is a recording of the poet’s grief for the sailors who died on a great land and sea battle in the North African campaign during WWII. On another level, it records the battle that we all fight, regardless of race or political or religious conviction, joined in the common front of humanity against death. The poem â€Å"Martin and the Hand Grenade â€Å"is based on a personal experience that Foulcher had while teaching at a boys school in one of his history lessons, portraying the idea that adults and children have a different view of war and violence. Foulcher creates a vivid image of the incident in our minds and allows us to picture ourselves observing the hand grenade through the metaphor â€Å"With his father's bleak skill, Martin edges out the firing pin†. Martin’s father is specifically referred to as having â€Å"bleak skill† that had once taught him how to operate the grenade. Foulcher used this adjective as an effective way of conveying his own attitude to war and violence, describing his own knowledge as â€Å"bleak† proving his negative attitude to the violence and destruction the Grenade causes. As Martin displays the grenade, the class â€Å"pause for history† symbolically showing how children’s understanding and interest in the war and many other aspects of the world around us can be enhanced through physically seeing or holding an artefact in their hands. The students ask questions, Martin metaphorically states, â€Å"No-it had limited, power: ten yards, then the spread, became too loose to catch a man's mortality†, illustrating the capability of grenades and the violent fatalities caused by wars. Likewise â€Å"Beach Burial† by Kenneth Slessor, depict aspects of war but this time of the more graphical and visual realities. A horrify image is created through personification â€Å"The convoys of dead sailors come; At night they sway and wander in the waters far under† enabling the reader to emphasis with the soldiers that died at war. As poetry allows us to develop greater insights and learn about the world around us, â€Å"Beach Burial† effectively portrays the real and actual happenings of war or the aftermath of war. To pluck them from the shallows and bury them in burrows, Someone, has time for this it seems†, metaphorically represents how a person, out of a mark of respect is burying the dead bodies. Emotively language further allows the reader to learn about the world and empathise with those who experienced the war, â€Å"And each cross, the driven stake of tidewood, Bears the last signature of men†. â€Å"Martin and the Hand Grenadeâ⠂¬  focuses more on the grenade and ‘painting a picture’ of the grenade and the class, allowing the reader to interpret the poem and visualise aspects related to the war and the world in general. Whereas â€Å"Beach Burial† focuses on not only the happenings of war, but on embedding a very strong image of war in the readers mind, allowing them to understand and feel the sadness intended by the poem. As both poems have a different way of conveying war, they still teach the reader about life and help them understand the world they are living in. â€Å"Beach Burial† depicts many visual aspects of the war, unlike â€Å"Martin and the Hand Grenade† which focuses on how Australian life has been influenced greatly; mentally, emotionally and physically by several aspects of the war.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Space Programme

BOB Space programme plays an important role in our life because it helps human know the world clearly. There are increasing number of money spent on space programmer in United States and Russia, which has had a significant impact all over the world. Although there are some advantages like contributing to economy growth and providing chance to search new planet for human to live, there are several disadvantages need to be considered like wasting non-renewable resources and including unforeseen risks.Developing space programme has many advantages. First and foremost, developing space programme promotes the development of economy by creating job opportunities. Jewell. R(2011) said that â€Å"Aerospace-related industries employed millions of worker and supported a great number of profitable companies. Many experts believe that space tourism and development of space could result in an economic boom† Thus, the development of space programme helps the economy growth.Secondly, develop ing space programme provides the opportunity to search new planet for human to live. with the rapid development of industry, the natural resources are becoming rare in the earth and the earth is deeply polluted by human beings. For this situation, it seems obviously important for human to find a new planet to live in. Therefore developing space programme is a long-term consideration for human beings. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages in developing space programme.Firstly, developing space programme waste a lot of non-renewable resources. Every year millions of tons of coals were consumed by aerospace industry, which means a mass of waste gas, like carbon dioxide, discharged into air annually, resulting a series of environment problems such as ozone hole and acid rain directly. Consequently, spending vast amount of money in space programme is completely bad for the environment. Furthermore, there is always full of unforeseen risks with space exploration. Lichtenstein D. 2011) said that â€Å"The space shuttle Challenger exploded during launch in 1986, killing seven astronauts, and the shuttle Colombia exploded during re-entry in 2003, also killing seven† human’s life is valuable because everyone only lives once, which is not only precious for themselves, but also for their relatives. Thus, the development of space programme could threaten human’s life. To sum up, developing space programme has many advantages like promoting the development of economy and exploring new planet for human to live. However, there are some disadvantages like wasting non-renewable resources and filling with unforeseen risks.The decision to develop Space programmer not only affects human beings now, but also has an impact on their future life. Therefore, people should still develop Space programmer so that their can know more about the world. Reference Jewell. R(2011) â€Å"Positive Effects of Space Exploration† Retrieved 17/03/2013 from http:/ /www. ehow. com/info_839090880_positive-effects-space-exploration. html Lichtenstein D. (2011) â€Å"Bad Things About Space Exploration† Retrieved 17/03/2013 from http://www. ehow. com/info_8523069_bad-things-space-exploration. html

Accounting Theory And History Accounting Essay

Accounting has evolved since it was foremost developed and has continued to germinate. The purpose of this essay is to research and discourse why accounting, both fiscal and direction has changed over the last millenary. In order to accomplish this purpose an in-depth attack will be taken into the beginnings of accounting, its intent and demand. This will intend analyzing history documents which are evidence-based but are intertwined with value opinion. Many alternate theoretical and practical accounts are offered in literature for the development of accounting over clip. These class literatures will be evaluated and there theories will later be accepted or rejected. In order to research the inquiry and because the definitions provided by accounting organic structures are themselves are capable to alter, it is important to first define accounting and its intent. The intent of accounting is to supply information based on relevant informations that aids users in doing economic determinations. Fiscal accounting is designed chiefly to bring forth fiscal studies which provide information sing the house ‘s public presentation to external users such as Tax governments, Investors, Customers and Creditors. Financial Accounting is extremely regulated in order to guarantee they have certain features. These features enhance the utility of the fiscal studies to users. These features are relevancy, comparison, seasonableness, equity and objectiveness. Management accounting is used to fix histories and studies that provide accurate and up to day of the month information that allows direction to do determinations. Accounting developed as people needed a method of entering their assets and belongings. If belongings was recorded and accounted for, it would be easy to turn out legal ownership. Accountancy has been around for 1000s of old ages. Professor L. Plunkett of the College of Charleston calls accounting the â€Å" oldest profession † In this millenary at that place have been infinite alterations and developments in accounting. From more crude methods of simple accounting for belongings and assets, in order to enter for grounds of legal ownership to a complex regulated signifier. Management Accounting â€Å" British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management † a paper by Richard K. Fleischman and Lee D. Parker examines the usage and developments of cost accounting in 1760 to 1850. The four chief countries looked at in cost direction will be: cost control techniques, accounting for overhead, bing for modus operandi and particular determination devising, and standard costing. These houses used cost informations to command natural stuff input stuffs. The Fe houses broke down costs utilizing natural stuff controls, whilst taking into history the differential costs of excavation and smelting. Textile houses were concerned about the profitable natural mixtures and the cost of natural stuffs input. Marshall fabric house employ the practise of utilizing public presentation cards, which is an effectual method and is still used by houses today. Performance cards are used daily to supervise and command expenses.. These direction accounting practises benefited the concern greatly. It allowed marshal to be cost effectual and efficient by understating costs. Gregs was another fabric house which kept pay and disbursal books to cipher control costs. This helps to place tendencies, failings and countries for betterment. For illustration they experienced losingss in 1829 and where able to place and impute these to heightened production costs and out-of-date machinery. The fabric and Fe houses were in a extremely competitory market, and so dependent on a market-driven pricing construction. This bit by bit changed as with houses utilizing merchandise bing to assistance in finding the optimal degree of end product. Boulton & A ; Watt and Wedgewood were able to cipher operating expenses such as mill costs, fixed costs and selling disbursal. This enabled them to factor these costs into their merchandising monetary values. â€Å" Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs employed cost analysis to back up perpendicular integrating and merchandise line determinations † ( Fleischman 1990, P367 ) Decisions such as capital equipment purchases and mineral field rentals where taken after careful consideration of costing of options. This enabled them to warrant and do potentially better determinations as the quality of information on which to establish the determination on was better. â€Å" The usage of standard costing was associated with an consciousness of the cost salvaging available from appropriate stock list control processs. † ( Richard K. Fleischman et la 1990 ) Standard bing saved the clip of really holding to roll up existent stock list costs. This is good for houses as they can make standard costs, which allow the concern to: place and extinguish disused points, budget and comparison with existent costs, gauge a monetary value more easy than ciphering a monetary value based on existent cost, create prognosiss for production. An Archivist responds to the New Accounting History: The Case of the U.S. Men ‘s Clothing Industry is a paper by Thomas Tyson that uses factual grounds on the history of accounting to analyze the alterations. It focuses chiefly on the work forces ‘s vesture industry. Miller and O'Leary ( 1987 ) implied that â€Å" the rule of criterion costs made it possible to attach to every person within the house norms and criterions of behaviouraˆÂ ¦ Standard costing and budgeting made possible a pinpointing of duty for preventable inefficiencies at the degree of the really single from whom they derived † this is true to an extent and can be seen in the British Railways Industry ‘s costing system. BRM failed to budget or utilize standard bing boulder clay they were forced to make so as a consequence of worsening net incomes. This fail mean preventable inefficiencies were non prevented. Hopper and Armstrong province the ground for these alterations to direction accounting being due to the direct consequence of houses fighting. â€Å" Accounting controls were non a effect of economic or technological jussive moods, but instead were rooted in battles as houses attempted to command labour procedures in assorted eras of capitalistic development. † ( H & A ; A 1991, P. 405 ) Along with alterations in accounting, there came alterations in inventions in direction. â€Å" Scientific direction sought to set up itself a right to interfere in people ‘s lives. This right was finally to be taken over by an ground forces of techniques of societal and economic life of the enterpriseaˆÂ ¦ the undertaking of scientific direction helped to render evident and remediable the waste lying deep within the every move of the worker. † ( Tyson. T, an archivists response to new accounting history ) it is by and large considered that Tysons paper is flawed. Cost accounting in the ship building, technology and metals industries of the West of Scotland, â€Å" The Workshops of the Empire † , C1900-1960 is a paper by A.I.M. Fleming, S. Mckinstry and K. Wallace. The paper examines the nature and developments of bing systems employed in the ship building, technology and metals industries of the West of Scotland between the old ages c1900-1960. These developments can be seen as a patterned advance from the cost direction practises employed in fabric and Fe plants examined in the old paper, adapted to different industries. There were developments necessitated by the fact that most work was contract-based or occupation based and so required a different method of cost accounting. Standard costing and budgetary control were rejected as a consequence of agnosticism over the relevancy of Taylorism and scientific direction to the country ‘s industries. As many of the occupations and contracts were alone, this may non hold been a bad thing. The ship edifice industry split the ships costs into three chief constituents, Hull, Boilers and Engine. Each had a separate cost-book which recorded direct rewards and stuffs. This system allowed a comparing between the estimated direct costs and existent direct costs. A elaborate pay analysis book was kept, dividing pay cost for the three chief constituents ( hull, engine and boiler ) . The pay measure for each constituent was besides split into separate classs e.g. direct workers, category of workingman, patch work-based etc. This allowed them to maximize efficiency in footings of labor costs as staff and stuffs were already supervised. This besides reduced the hazard of larceny. â€Å" There hence existed a system that enabled the trailing of costs versus estimation at premier cost degree on a progressive footing as contracts proceeded. † ( K.Wallace & A ; Parker 2000, P363 ) The British Railway Industry tended to sell in fixed monetary value contracts. The Cost and Weight Book recorded the cost associated with each of the major constituent of the locomotor e.g. Boiler, firebox etc. This book had a rigorous templet each major constituent was printed on the left and separate costs where printed at the top. This format allowed comparing between different contract cost and comprehensibility. It besides allowed for good appraisal for future contract costs. This format has changed little in modern direction accounting. A failure of the company was to non to the full use this valuable information as they did non utilize budgeting, standard costing or fringy costing. â€Å" Costss were non analysed by section or plants. † ( K.wallace and Parker 2000 ) Not until the house began to worsen in 1960 did they present a signifier of â€Å" simple † budgeting. This failure to budget was a failing that was finally addressed but cost the house potency cost s alvaging efficiencies. â€Å" The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution: Distinguishing Difference in Accounting Practices † a paper by Keith Hoskin and Richard Macve discusses the function of accounting as a manufacturer of Modern Managerialism. â€Å" The accounting practises of authorship, analyzing and rating came to construction human activity for those who learned to larn under them, it is apprehensible how accounting could detect a new function in the concern context. † ( Hoskin & A ; Macve, 1993, p 9 ) This statement indicates an evolving function of accounting in concern and act uponing the structuring of human activity. This theory was seen being employed at Springfield Armoury. The armory generated a big measures of accounting information â€Å" costs were tracked, records of production were kept, full-cost estimations made for pricing determinations, including the application of charges for involvement and depreciation. † ( Hoskin & A ; Macve, 1993, p 9 ) T his was done in order to organize a â€Å" complete system of answerability. † This was an of import measure along with the debut of charges for involvement and depreciation. This paper relates to economic rational theory which can be used to explicate the developments in direction accounting. Peoples make picks based on their â€Å" rational mentality, available information and yesteryear experiences. † ( Investopedia online, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rationaltheoryofexpectations.asp # axzz1g2suXeki ) As the consequence of extremely competitory markets and lifting labor costs reduced net incomes, houses developed cost direction techniques, such as: cost control to command and interrupt down the cost of single stuffs used, accounting for operating expenses which allows houses to factor costs such as fixed and mill costs into the merchandising monetary value and criterion costing which allows budgeting and comparing with existent costs. An illustration of economic rational theory is the British Locomotive Company who learned from past experiences of losing cost salvaging for non utilizing budgeting, standard costing or fringy costing and as a consequence they introduce a signifier of â€Å" simple † budgeting. Economic rational besides drove the alterations in cloistered houses. Changes were introduced after rational mentality, failings and past weaknesss were identified were taken into history. Albion Motors and Monastic houses and Estates have besides made alterations based on their economic rational. These alterations represent the development of direction accounting over the last millenary. In the paper â€Å" The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution † we see important alterations to direction accounting because of a demand to command labor and maximize labour efficiency. This is because of the abolishment of bondage which means that employees must be paid. This means employees must maximize labour effectivity and efficiency. This led to the managerial revolution. Springfield armory used labour control to increase productiveness and cut down costs. We see a development in cost direction practises in the in â€Å" British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management † paper. Fleischman states the drawn-out period of diminution of market monetary values that affected the Fe industry houses from 1808 to 1830. â€Å" The battle to get by with falling market monetary values caused houses in the industry to set about careful probes of their iron-making costs † ( K.wallace and Parker 2000, P368 ) The diminution motivated these developments in cost direction. They were brought approximately by a demand to accommodate to other alterations in the market and economic system at the clip. The practises in usage at the clip were unequal and out-dated. The developments allowed them to break identify failings, which had the consequence of increasing production, efficiency, diminishing waste and assisting put a better merchandising monetary value. In Cost accounting in the ship building, technology and metals industries of the West of Scotland, â€Å" the Workshops of the Empire † , C1900-1960 we see farther development of cost direction system. The ground for these specific developments was that ship building and railroad occupations where contract based and so it would non be ideal to utilize standard costing. It was necessary to utilize another method of cost accounting. Fiscal Accounting The first paper that will be discussed is â€Å" The development of fiscal direction and control in cloistered houses and estates in England c.1200-1540 † by Alisdair Dobie. The alterations focus chiefly on the internal map of a monastery. These alterations are necessitated by â€Å" altering influences and force per unit areas, economic and spiritual which arose from 1200 onwards. † ( Dobie, 2008 P.2 ) Cloistered houses where non all the same, there were different orders. Each was governed by different sets of regulations. New orders were formed when there were perceived failings in established orders. These new orders introduced extra sets of regulations. â€Å" Each Benedictine house was to a big extent independent and responsible for its ain personal businesss. â€Å" ( Dobie 2008, P3 ) . This statement indicates a grade of answerability within the houses. As a consequence of weaknesss due to Benedictine self-regulation, new orders emerged which lead to each house organizing a subordinate portion of the whole order. This meant that each separate house was capable to review, ordinance and control from the order as a whole. These reviews were a signifier of audit from the order on the house. â€Å" Changes in direction might change from order to order and house to house, depending upon single state of affairss, relevancy and demands. † ( Dobie, 2008 P2 ) Changes were intr oduced after failings were identified, in order to go on betterment and convey together all houses from the same orders to utilizing the same set of regulations. Fiscal direction and control alterations can be broken down into three classs: the safeguarding of the assets of the house ; the development of its resources ; and, the attempts to guarantee that all resources were used efficaciously and expeditiously. Safeguarding the assets of the house meant physically procuring and keeping them against for illustration â€Å" invasion, decline or disaffection. † ( Dobie, 2008 P4 ) Exploitation of resources meant doing full usage of land and estate. This was a response to neglecting grain monetary values and lifting labor costs. Efficiency and effectivity referred to the â€Å" efficiency and effectual usage of resources by the house. † Other major developments during this clip were the standardization of histories which allowed comparison and relevancy, accounting was besides taught at university from the 14th century onwards. A important development in the early millenary is seen in Renaissance Italy. There was a rise in trade and banking. A signifier of double-entry book maintaining was already being used by Bankss to maintain path of debitors and creditors. Luca Pacioli, the Perfect Accountant is a paper by Dr F G Volmer, University of Limburg, which discusses the life and plants of Luca Pacioli. Pacioli ‘s work has had a great influence on accounting. His publication â€Å" Summa De Arithmetica † was widely recognised as a elephantine leap forward for double-entry book maintaining. Pacioli ‘s Summa was a conceptual model of best accounting and concern patterns. Summa was written in Tuscan and Venetian idioms. Pacioli used these alternatively of Latin to let the educated and non-educated to profit every bit from his work. Pacioli ‘s conceptual model is really similar to the FASB ‘s 1976 conceptual model. † the rules of systematicalness, consistence and dependability so emerge. â€Å" Every point must be consistently and carefully recorded in the stock list with all countermarks, full names and in every bit much item an as possibleaˆÂ ¦ † ( Volmer P7 ) 200 old ages before Pacioli Italians bargainers began utilizing Arabic numbers in order to maintain path of net incomes alternatively of Roman numbers. This was an of import alteration. Arabic numbers were easier to understand and easier to utilize in an accounting format. This alteration is a measure in the way of modern twenty-four hours direction accounting where English Numberss which are similar to Arabic numbers are used for clerking. Rouse and Rouse sum up Pacioli ‘s inventions under different headers: The usage of alphabetical order â€Å" as a agency of set uping words and thoughts † This development of a new visually orientated layout created an easy to utilize and understand templet for dual entry. â€Å" Pacioli ‘s fully-developed double-entry system, with bi-lateral layout and systematic cross-referencing of debit and recognition, was a peculiar signifier of the new general textuality. † This bi-lateral layout of the double-entry system is still in usage to this twenty-four hours. It allows cross-referencing of credits and debits which is peculiarly utile for to Bankss. This partly answers the chief inquiry as to why direction accounting has changed over the last millenary. Pacioli ‘s influential work resulted in necessary positive alterations in accounting. He introduced three books of record: the leger, the memoranda and the diary. These needed debit and recognition minutes s to be balance. Books that did non equilibrate normally indicated an mistake. Dowlais Iron Company: Accounting Policies and Procedures for Profit Measurement and Reporting Purposes by J. R. Edwards and C. Baber is a paper that shows development in both fiscal and direction accounting. DIC implemented a robust system of direction accounting. Book-keepers were employed by DIC to keep the books of accounting on a rigorous dual entry footing ( a double-entry system developed by Luca Pacioli ) . This was a household concern, but the concern was treated as a separate legal entity. This is common in modern concerns as it allows limited liability for the proprietors. This can besides be seen when personal non-business minutess undertaken by proprietors were decently accounted for through the relevant spouse ‘s current history. DIC adhered to three out of the four chief cardinal constructs of accounting when fixing fiscal statement. These were prudence, traveling concern and consistence. Less accent was placed on the usage of the accumulations concept, â€Å" particularly in its application to the intervention of capital outgo † ( Edwards and Baber 1979 P142 ) This is non unusual for concerns in the 1800s and was chiefly due to a perceived struggle between the accumulations and prudence constructs, with the prudence construct being considered more good. This contrasts with a more balanced usage of both constructs presently used today. The usage of these constructs shows a development of fiscal accounting within the administration. DIC ‘s system of capital accounting is said to hold helped the house successfully turn to an huge size. This was funded through internal finance. The trust on internal finance led to jobs during the 1850s. A sequence of trading losingss drained the modesty financess. This led to DIC reorganizing the Works and turn to external finance. Net income returned to acceptable degrees in the mid-1860s We see in the private legers that there were drumhead balance sheets till 1861 this suggested that there was information that the direction was trying to conceal. From 1861 onwards the company comptroller adopted the policy of adding the relevant narrative explicating each sum. This policy is still in usage today and shows further development in fiscal accounting at the clip. Companies summarise and unwrap important and relevant information associating to the figures in histories in the notes. This would hold been done to heighten the understandibility, leting for sums to be broken up and examined. The fiscal coverage practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933: a survey in accounting invention by Hugh M Coombs and John Richard Edwards is a paper in which we see the authorities carry throughing the function of a regulative organic structure. Developments were chiefly in response to â€Å" turning cardinal authorities concern with corruptness, misdirection and deficiency of answerability. † ( Combes & A ; Edwards, 1995 P2 ) This in short led to the debut of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. This act attempted to guarantee proper ordinance of municipal corporations. â€Å" The borough hoarded wealths was obliged to: do â€Å" true histories † of all minutess, make books available for review by the council members, to fix an history for the council as and when required, to subject histories to hearers elected by the ratepayers, to subscribe and do to be printed a full abstract of his histories ‘ , and to do the histories available for review by ra tepayers. † ( H. M. Combes et La, 1995 ) This shows a fastening up of ordinance and an addition in answerability. It is a important development in fiscal accounting. During this clip we besides see a move off from hard currency accounting to accumulations. The accumulations construct had antecedently been viewed with agnosticism as seen in Dowlais Iron Company as it conflicted with the prudence construct. Cash-based accounting was at times restrictive and its disadvantages far out manner its advantages. Accumulations based accounting on the other manus: â€Å" protects against carelessness and abnormality by entering every measure of a dealing, enables the statement of an entity ‘s net income and loss and fiscal place ; it records values ; and it provides a stable and homogeneous footing for statistics. † ( Combes & A ; Edwards, 1995 P2 ) The 2nd development during this clip was the usage of the dual accounting system of fiscal coverage. â€Å" This system is able to unite the properties of charge/discharge accounting with commercial accounting. † ( Combes & A ; Edwards, 1995 P3 ) It is a combination of stewardship orientation and net income computation orientation. The advantage of this system is that it would forestall anyone from being misled into presuming a connexion between outgo looking debited in the capital history and the existent value of plants associated with that outgo In the paper â€Å" Engineering civilization and accounting development at Albion Motors 1900- c.1970 † by Sam McKinstry we see the relationship between Albion Motor ‘s accounting systems and its engineering-orientated civilization. This paper shows alterations in both fiscal and direction accounting. Albion motors used a well-developed dual entry system, a system no uncertainty derived from the work of Pacioli. Depreciation was besides charged on machinery, by measuring at that place utile life. Depreciation ranged from between 10 % and 33.3 % . Albion motors besides used one of the first houses to utilize full accumulations accounting, which is a clear alteration as houses had antecedently preferred to us prudence. Full histories were merely produced every fiscal twelvemonth, as was a full stock-taking. A works registry was kept and maintained by the technology section. This allowed for answerability and reduced the opportunities of fraud in the terminals. Albion motors employed a extremely skilled but unqualified a company secretary and teller, although this was non uncommon at the clip when they became a public company they employed a hired comptroller. This is a important development as the qualified comptrollers ‘ engagement reinforces the respectability of the company ‘s fiscal histories. It is now indispensable for the public company accounts to be produced by person who is qualified to make so, as non to make so would take investors to oppugn their truth. The non-qualified employee responsible for all accounting from 1914 until 1950 was succeeded by a hired comptroller. This emphasizes the repute and influence of the profession of accounting. It is about 1950s that there is seen the outgrowth of the fiscal comptroller. The demand of the users of fiscal information is altering, the outgrowth of this new official function show that clearly. Investors ‘ assurance in fiscal studies is dependent on fiscal informatio n holding features which are discussed in IAS 1. Fiscal information must be relevant, up to day of the month, dependable and free from prejudice. The fiscal comptroller is qualified to bring forth fiscal information that abides by these standards. â€Å" Christie Malry ‘s ain dual entry † by B.S. Johnson: An reading as foucauldian disclosures a paper by Sam McKinstry that examines the work of the novelist B.S. Johnson. This paper discusses the thought that accounting can be used to convey certain information to certain people. In this instance the issue that the Double-entry system merely â€Å" favors specific involvements in society and disadvantages others. † ( McKinstry 2006 P990 ) This straight disagrees with public involvement theory which states that â€Å" ordinance is ab initio put in topographic point to profit society as a whole. † ( C. Deegan & A ; J Unerman 2006, P 65 ) This paper besides takes into history and makes mention to the work of Luca Pacioli in dual entry clerking. Malry adapts the dual entry system, change overing state of affairss in his life into pecuniary values and inputting these values as either debits or credits. This version was peculiarly of import in the context of British political relations and Industrial dealingss at the clip. â€Å" these and other developments recharged and remorilised capitalist economy and retooled societal democratise political orientation and its political relations. † ( McIlorys and Campbells 1999, P 93 ) . Jointly these developments in fiscal accounting over the last millenary have resulted in fiscal accounting as we know it today. These alterations where brought approximately by a alteration in the demands of users of fiscal information and the identifying of failings. We see many alterations in the fiscal direction of cloistered houses and estates at the start of the millenary. â€Å" The early Time period of rapid growing in footings of new foundations was over, and the ulterior Middle-ages witnessed the response of administrations in their age of adulthood endeavoring to keep their intent and place. â€Å" ( Dobie, 2008, P 3 ) Monasteries changed in order to accommodate and last the economic and faiths force per unit areas. These changed allowed them to keep their places survive the times. We see the debut of an audit map and the changing of ordinance to cover with the designation of failing. Other factors such as the Black Death epidemic which impacted on the economic system every bit good as the population influenced developments at the clip. Luca Pacioli developed the double-entry system used at the clip by bargainers after placing room for betterment this system is similar to the 1 used today. He besides developed a conceptual model of accounting best practises. Its influence can clearly be seen in today ‘s IASB and FASB conceptual models. In Dowlais Iron Company we see the implementing of a sophisticated fiscal coverage and direction accounting system which complimented the fiscal accounting system. These systems allowed them to the size and success that they did. â€Å" it is improbable that any house would hold grown to the size and achieved the significance of DIC in the absence of a satisfactory system for entering both influxs and escapes of hard currency and other plus and motion of resources within the house † ( Edwards and Baber 1979 P139 ) The Financial coverage practises of British municipal corporations in 1835-1933 show developments in the ordinance, revelation and controls in order to cover with corruptness, misdirection and deficiency of answerability in municipal corporations. Political factors triggered by the two major wars impacted on both fiscal and direction accounting. This can be seen in â€Å" Engineering civilization and accounting development at Albion motors † a paper by Sam Mckinstry. World War 2 led to the debut of a War pension strategy, which is accounted for utilizing IAS 19. We besides see in 1950 the development of the function of the fiscal comptroller. The function of the fiscal comptroller is created chiefly to supply credibleness and reassurance to fiscal histories. The fiscal accounting is qualified to bring forth histories in conformity with ordinances, to give a true and just position of the house ‘s fundss in order to keep investor assurance. This is a part factor in accounting being the reputable profession it is today. This is unfastened to debate as it can be argued that this lone gives the semblance of respectability. As seen in the prostration of Enron the fiscal studies approved by the fiscal comptrollers did n' t give a true and just position of the administration. Possible theories into grounds for these alterations are given in the demand for and supply of Accounting Theories: The Market for Excuses a paper by Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman. The paper discusses the inquiry of why accounting theories are preponderantly normative and why no general theory is by and large accepted. â€Å" It is by and large concluded that accounting theory has had small substantial, direct impact on accounting practise or policy formation despite half a century of research † ( R. L. Watts 1979, P 1 ) the theory of political procedure is one theorises the thought that persons with power in authorities will try to derive wealth through the influence and prescribe accounting processs that are in their ain best involvements. There is besides the thought that as persons have different involvements there will be a figure of different accounting theories on a individual issue. This â€Å" prevents general understanding on accounting history. † ( R. L. Watts 1979, P 273 ) This theory can be proven by looking at the recent dirt affecting MP ‘s disbursals. MPs influenced the ordinances on disbursals in their ain favor, in an effort to derive wealth. There was besides the issue that these single disbursal claims were non made public but were leaked. This shows that revelation demands were unequal, as a consequence of the designation of this failing ordinances have been tightened up. Another illustration of this is Ex-Prime Minister Tony Blair holding tax-payers wage for his security when he travels the universes for his ain fiscal additions. Blair ‘s constitutional reform of the Human Rights Act 1998 when he was in power gives him this right. â€Å" The demand for â€Å" public interest-orientated accounting theories depends on the extent of the authorities ‘s function in the economic system. † ( R. L. Watts 1979, P 275 ) a clear illustration of this is the adjusting of involvement rates in order to assist economic growing. Another illustration of this is the fiscal coverage practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933, where there was corruptness, misdirection and deficiency of answerability. The authorities gave the semblance of moving in the public involvement but from farther analysis it can be seen that this statute law was a response to public protest. We can see that there was a grade of opportunism involved. The motive for all the developments of in fiscal accounting can be examined utilizing Self-interest theory. In the narrative of Christie Malry the author kills himself because of a deficiency of acknowledgment of his work. Another illustration of this is Luca Pacioli work which benefited accounting greatly. His motive for this work was to have acknowledgment. An statement for Pacioli utilizing the Tuscan and Venetian linguistic communications in his book was that this would take to more acknowledgment for his work as more people could understand it, this is self-interest. This can besides be seen in the accounting organic structures who work to stay reputable and influential. For illustration the ACCA and CIMA offer their ain peculiar makings in accounting. Why is at that place a demand for these makings when there have been comptrollers around for 100s of old ages without these makings? These administrations work to advance their ain importance and respectability and as a consequence the makings add importance and respectability to persons that gain them. Influencing the development of accounting ordinance examined through gaining control theory. This is where the regulated seeks to â€Å" gaining control † the regulative organic structure, therefore act uponing the ordinances to their ain advantage. This poses a menace to the independency of the regulator. Capture theory links in with the demand for accounting theories â€Å" the lone accounting theory that will supply a set of anticipations that are consistent with ascertained phenomena is one based on opportunism † ( W & A ; Z 1979 P. 301 ) This is Watts and Zimmerman ‘s statement, that it comes down to self-interest and other theories are at that place to supply the semblance of respectability. In decision it can be seen that the development of both fiscal accounting and direction was down to many grounds. Changes where chiefly instigated by the designation of failing, a demand to accommodate and last, alterations in the economic system and jurisprudence. But the motive to do these developments was a consequence of opportunism and economic rational. For illustration Pacioli ‘s part to accounting came from a thrust for acknowledgment. Another illustration is the alterations cloistered houses whish were a consequence of mainly economic rational. Developments in accounting increasingly reflect the altering demands of users, economic, technological, cultural, societal and political environments